Publications - Salk Institute for Biological Studies

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Davis, Z.W., Busch, A., Stewerd, C., Muller, L., Reynolds, J. Horizontal cortical connections shape intrinsic traveling waves into feature-selective motifs that regulate perceptual sensitivity. (2024) Res Sq. DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3830199/v1

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Franken, T.P., Reynolds, J.H. Grouping cells in primate visual cortex. (2024) bioRxiv. DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.16.575953

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Our perception of how objects are laid out in visual scenes is remarkably stable, despite rapid shifts in the patterns of light that fall on the retina with each saccade. One mechanism that may help establish perceptual stability is border ownership assignment. Studies in macaque area V2 have identified border ownership neurons that signal which side of a border belongs to a foreground surface. This signal persists for hundreds of milliseconds after border ownership has been rendered ambiguous by deleting the stimulus features that distinguish foreground from background. Remarkably, this signal survives eye movements: border ownership neurons also exhibit border ownership signals when an eye movement places the newly ambiguous border within their receptive field. The grouping cell hypothesis proposes the existence of hypothetical grouping cells in a downstream brain area. These cells would compute persistent proto-object representations and therefore have the properties to endow cells in upstream brain areas with selectivity for border ownership. Such grouping cells have been predicted to show a centripetal and persistent pattern of preferred side of ownership for a border placed parallel to the perimeter of their classical receptive field, and such a centripetal ownership preference pattern should also occur in these same cells if an ambiguous border lands in their receptive field after a saccade. It is unknown if grouping cells exist. Here we used laminar multielectrodes in area V4 - the main source of feedback to V2 - of behaving macaques to determine whether such grouping cells exist. Consistent with the model prediction we find a substantial population of neurons with these properties, in all laminar compartments, and they exhibit a response latency that is short enough to act as the source that endows neurons in V2 with selectivity for border ownership. While grouping cell activity provides information about the location of foreground surfaces, these neurons are, counterintuitively, not as strongly tuned for luminance contrast polarity, a feature of those surfaces, as are border ownership cells. Our data suggest a division of labor in which these newly discovered grouping cells provide spatiotemporal continuity of segmented surfaces whereas border ownership cells link this location information with surface features such as luminance contrast.

Dotson, N.M., Davis, Z.W., Jendritza, P., Reynolds, J.H. Acute Neuropixels recordings in the marmoset monkey. (2023) bioRxiv. DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571771

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Sanzeni, A., Palmigiano, A., Nguyen, T.H., Luo, J., Nassi, J.J., Reynolds, J.H., Histed, M.H., Miller, K.D., Brunel, N. Mechanisms underlying reshuffling of visual responses by optogenetic stimulation in mice and monkeys. (2023) Neuron. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.09.018

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Dotson, N.M., Davis, Z.W., Salisbury, J.M., Palmer, S.E., Cavanagh, P., Reynolds, J.H. The double-drift illusion biases the marmoset oculomotor system. (2023) Journal of Vision. 23(10):4. DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.10.4

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Vanderlip, C.R., Asch, P.A., Reynolds, J.H., Glavis-Bloom, C. Domain-specific cognitive impairment reflects prefrontal dysfunction in aged common marmosets. (2023) eNeuro. DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0187-23.2023

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Age-related cognitive impairment is not expressed uniformly across cognitive domains. Cognitive functions that rely on brain areas that undergo substantial neuroanatomical changes with age often show age-related impairment, while those that rely on brain areas with minimal age-related change typically do not. The common marmoset has grown in popularity as a model for neuroscience research, but robust cognitive phenotyping, particularly as a function of age and across multiple cognitive domains, is lacking. This presents a major limitation for the development and evaluation of the marmoset as a model of cognitive aging, and leaves open the question of whether they exhibit age-related cognitive impairment that is restricted to some cognitive domains, as in humans. In this study, we characterized stimulus-reward association learning and cognitive flexibility in young adults to geriatric marmosets using a Simple Discrimination and a Serial Reversal task, respectively. We found that aged marmosets show transient impairment in "learning-to-learn" but have conserved ability to form stimulus-reward associations. Furthermore, aged marmosets have impaired cognitive flexibility driven by susceptibility to proactive interference. Since these impairments are in domains critically dependent on the prefrontal cortex, our findings support prefrontal cortical dysfunction as a prominent feature of neurocognitive aging. This work positions the marmoset as a key model for understanding the neural underpinnings of cognitive aging.Aging is the greatest risk factor for neurodegenerative disease development, and understanding why is critical for the development of effective therapeutics. The common marmoset, a short-lived non-human primate with neuroanatomical similarity to humans, has gained traction for neuroscientific investigations. However, the lack of robust cognitive phenotyping, particularly as a function of age and across multiple cognitive domains limits their validity as a model for age-related cognitive impairment. We demonstrate that aging marmosets, like humans, have impairment that is specific to cognitive domains reliant on brain areas that undergo substantial molecular and neuroanatomical changes with age. This work validates the marmoset as a key model for understanding region-specific vulnerability to the aging process.

Benigno, B., Budzinski, C., Davis, Z.W., Reynolds, J.H., Muller, L. Waves traveling over a map of visual space can ignite short-term predictions of sensory input (2023) Nature Communications. 14(1):3409. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39076-2

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Denagamage, S., Morton, M.P., Hudson, N.V., Reynolds, J.H., Jadi, M.P., Nandy, A.S. Laminar mechanisms of saccadic suppression in primate visual cortex. (2023) Cell Reports. 42(7):112720. DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112720

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Glavis-Bloom, C., Vanderlip, C., Weiser Novak, S., Kuwajima, M., Kirk, L., Harris, K.M., Manor, U., Reynolds, J.H. Violation of the ultrastructural size principle in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex underlies working memory impairment in the aged common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) (2023) Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 15. DOI: doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1146245

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Morphology and function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and corresponding working memory performance, are affected early in the aging process, but nearly half of aged individuals are spared of working memory deficits. Translationally relevant model systems are critical for determining the neurobiological drivers of this variability. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is advantageous as a model for these investigations because, as a non-human primate, marmosets have a clearly defined dlPFC that enables measurement of prefrontal-dependent cognitive functions, and their short (∼10 year) lifespan facilitates longitudinal studies of aging. Previously, we characterized working memory capacity in a cohort of marmosets that collectively covered the lifespan, and found age-related working memory impairment. We also found a remarkable degree of heterogeneity in performance, similar to that found in humans. Here, we tested the hypothesis that changes to synaptic ultrastructure that affect synaptic efficacy stratify marmosets that age with cognitive impairment from those that age without cognitive impairment. We utilized electron microscopy to visualize synapses in the marmoset dlPFC and measured the sizes of boutons, presynaptic mitochondria, and synapses. We found that coordinated scaling of the sizes of synapses and mitochondria with their associated boutons is essential for intact working memory performance in aged marmosets. Further, lack of synaptic scaling, due to a remarkable failure of synaptic mitochondria to scale with presynaptic boutons, selectively underlies age-related working memory impairment. We posit that this decoupling results in mismatched energy supply and demand, leading to impaired synaptic transmission. We also found that aged marmosets have fewer synapses in dlPFC than young, though the severity of synapse loss did not predict whether aging occurred with or without cognitive impairment. This work identifies a novel mechanism of synapse dysfunction that stratifies marmosets that age with cognitive impairment from those that age without cognitive impairment. The process by which synaptic scaling is regulated is yet unknown and warrants future investigation.

Davis, Z.W., Dotson, N.M., Franken, T.P., Muller, L., Reynolds, J.H. Spike-phase coupling patterns reveal laminar identity in primate cortex. (2023) Elife. 12. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.84512

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Glavis-Bloom, C., Vanderlip, C.R., Reynolds, J.H. Age-related learning and working memory impairment in the common marmoset. (2022) Journal of Neuroscience. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0985-22.2022

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Aging is the greatest risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases, yet we still do not understand how the aging process leads to pathological vulnerability. The research community has relied heavily on mouse models, but the considerable anatomical, physiological, and cognitive differences between mice and humans limit their translational relevance. Ultimately, these barriers necessitate the development of novel aging models. As a non-human primate, the common marmoset () shares many features in common with humans and yet has a significantly shorter lifespan (10 years) than other primates, making it ideally suited to longitudinal studies of aging. Our objective was to evaluate the marmoset as a model of age-related cognitive impairment. To do this, we utilized the Delayed Recognition Span Task (DRST) to characterize age-related changes in working memory capacity in a cohort of sixteen marmosets, of both sexes, varying in age from young adult to geriatric. These monkeys performed thousands of trials over periods of time ranging up to 50 percent of their adult lifespan. To our knowledge, this represents the most thorough cognitive profiling of any marmoset aging study conducted to-date. By analyzing individual learning curves, we found that aged animals exhibited delayed onset of learning, slowed learning rate after onset, and decreased asymptotic working memory performance. These findings are not accounted for by age-related impairments in motor speed and motivation. This work firmly establishes the marmoset as a model of age-related cognitive impairment.Understanding the normal aging process is fundamental to identifying therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases for which aging is the biggest risk factor. Historically, the aging field has relied on animal models that differ markedly from humans, constraining translatability. Here, we firmly establish a short-lived non-human primate, the common marmoset, as a key model of age-related cognitive impairment. We demonstrate, through continuous testing over a substantial portion of the adult marmoset lifespan, that aging is associated with both impaired learning and working memory capacity, unaccounted for by age-related changes in motor speed and motivation. Characterizing individual cognitive aging trajectories reveals inherent heterogeneity, which could lead to earlier identification of the onset of impairment, and extended timelines during which therapeutics are effective.

Davis, Z.W., Muller, L., Reynolds, J.H. Spontaneous Spiking Is Governed By Broadband Fluctuations. (2022) Journal of Neuroscience. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1899-21.2022

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Populations of cortical neurons generate rhythmic fluctuations in their ongoing spontaneous activity. These fluctuations can be seen in the local field potential (LFP), which reflects summed return currents from synaptic activity in the local population near a recording electrode. The LFP is spectrally broad and many researchers view this breadth as containing many narrowband oscillatory components which may have distinct functional roles. This view is supported by the observation that the phase of narrowband oscillations are often correlated with cortical excitability and can relate to the timing of spiking activity and the fidelity of sensory evoked responses. Accordingly, researchers commonly "tune in'' to these channels by narrowband filtering the LFP. Alternatively, neural activity may be fundamentally broadband and composed of transient, non-stationary rhythms that are difficult to approximate as oscillations. In this view, the instantaneous state of the broad ensemble relates directly to the excitability of the local population with no particular allegiance to any frequency band. To test between these alternatives, we asked whether the spiking activity of neocortical neurons in marmoset of either sex is better aligned with the phase of the LFP within narrow frequency bands, or with a broadband measure. We find that the phase of broadband LFP fluctuations provides a better predictor of spike timing than the phase after filtering in narrow bands. These results challenge the view of the neocortex as a system composed of narrow-band oscillators, and supports a view in which neural activity fluctuations are intrinsically broadband.Research into the dynamical state of neural populations often attribute unique significance to the state of narrowband oscillatory components. However, rhythmic fluctuations in cortical activity are non-stationary and broad spectrum. We find that the timing of spontaneous spiking activity is better captured by the state of broadband fluctuations over any latent oscillatory component. These results suggest narrowband interpretations of rhythmic population activity may be limited, and broader representations may provide higher fidelity in describing moment-to-moment fluctuations in cortical activity.

Franken, T.P., Reynolds, J.H. Columnar processing of border ownership in primate visual cortex. (2021) Elife. 10. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.72573

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Davis, Z.W., Benigno, G.B., Fletterman, C., Desbordes, T., Steward, C., Sejnowski, T.J., Reynolds, J.H., Muller, L. Spontaneous traveling waves naturally emerge from horizontal fiber time delays and travel through locally asynchronous-irregular states. (2021) Nature Communications. 12(1):6057. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26175-1

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Davis, W., Muller, L., Martinez-Trujillo, J., Sejnowski, T., Reynolds, J.H. Spontaneous travelling cortical waves gate perception in behaving primates (2020) Nature. DOI: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2802-y.

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Vormstein-Schneider, D., Lin, J.D., Pelkey, K.A., Chittajallu, R., Guo, B., Arias-Garcia, M.A., Allaway, K., Sakopoulos, S., Schneider, G., Stevenson, O., Vergara, J., Sharma, J., Zhang, Q., Franken, T.P., Smith, J., Ibrahim, L.A., M Astro, K.J., Sabri, E., Huang, S., Favuzzi, E., Burbridge, T., Xu, Q., Guo, L., Vogel, I., Sanchez, V., Saldi, G.A., Gorissen, B.L., Yuan, X., Zaghloul, K.A., Devinsky, O., Sabatini, B.L., Batista-Brito, R., Reynolds, J., Feng, G., Fu, Z., McBain, C.J., Fishell, G., Dimidschstein, J. Viral manipulation of functionally distinct interneurons in mice, non-human primates and humans. (2020) Nature Neuroscience. DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-0692-9

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Nandy, A.S., Nassi, J.J., Jadi, M.P., Reynolds, J.H. Optogenetically induced low-frequency correlations impair perception. (2019) Elife. 8. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.35123

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Avery, M., Nassi, J., Reynolds, J. Inferring neural circuit properties from optogenetic stimulation. (2018) PLOS One. 13(10):e0205386. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205386

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Muller, L., Chavane, F., Reynolds, J., Sejnowski, T.J. Cortical travelling waves: mechanisms and computational principles. (2018) Nature Reviews Neuroscience. DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2018.20

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Nandy, A.S., Nassi, J.J., Reynolds, J.H. Laminar Organization of Attentional Modulation in Macaque Visual Area V4. (2017) Neuron. 93(1):235-246. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.029

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Dimidschstein, J., Chen, Q., Tremblay, R., Rogers, S.L., Saldi, G.A., Guo, L., Xu, Q., Liu, R., Lu, C., Chu, J., Grimley, J.S., Krostag, A.R., Kaykas, A., Avery, M.C., Rashid, M.S., Baek, M., Jacob, A.L., Smith, G.B., Wilson, D.E., Kosche, G., Kruglikov, I., Rusielewicz, T., Kotak, V.C., Mowery, T.M., Anderson, S.A., Callaway, E.M., Dasen, J.S., Fitzpatrick, D., Fossati, V., Long, M.A., Noggle, S., Reynolds, J.H., Sanes, D.H., Rudy, B., Feng, G., Fishell, G. A viral strategy for targeting and manipulating interneurons across vertebrate species. (2016) Nature Neuroscience. 19(12):1743-1749. DOI: 10.1038/nn.4430

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Nandy, A.S., Mitchell, J.F., Jadi, M.P., Reynolds, J.H. Neurons in Macaque Area V4 Are Tuned for Complex Spatio-Temporal Patterns. (2016) Neuron. 91(4):920-930. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.026

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Disney, A.A., McKinney, C., Grissom, L., Lu, X., Reynolds, J.H. A multi-site array for combined local electrochemistry and electrophysiology in the non-human primate brain. (2015) Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 255:29-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.07.009

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Nassi, J.J., Avery, M.C., Cetin, A.H., Roe, A.W., Reynolds, J.H. Optogenetic Activation of Normalization in Alert Macaque Visual Cortex. (2015) Neuron. 86(6):1504-17. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.05.040

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Izpisua Belmonte, J.C., Callaway, E.M., Caddick, S.J., Churchland, P., Feng, G., Homanics, G.E., Lee, K.F., Leopold, D.A., Miller, C.T., Mitchell, J.F., Mitalipov, S., Moutri, A.R., Movshon, J.A., Okano, H., Reynolds, J.H., Ringach, D., Sejnowski, T.J., Silva, A.C., Strick, P.L., Wu, J., Zhang, F. Brains, genes, and primates. (2015) Neuron. 86(3):617-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.021

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Mitchell, J.F., Boisvert, C.J., Reuter, J.D., Reynolds, J.H., Leblanc, M. Correction of refractive errors in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) involved in visual research. (2014) Comparative Medicine. 64(4):300-8.

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Disney, A.A., Alasady, H.A., Reynolds, J.H. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are expressed by most parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in area MT of the macaque. (2014) Brain and Behavior. 4(3):431-45. DOI: 10.1002/brb3.225

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Disney, A.A., Reynolds, J.H. Expression of m1-type muscarinic acetylcholine receptors by parvalbumin-immunoreactive neurons in the primary visual cortex: a comparative study of rat, guinea pig, ferret, macaque, and human. (2014) Journal of Comparative Neurology. 522(5):986-1003. DOI: 10.1002/cne.23456

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Mitchell, J.F., Reynolds, J.H., Miller, C.T. Active vision in marmosets: a model system for visual neuroscience. (2014) Journal of Neuroscience. 34(4):1183-94. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3899-13.2014

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Devor, A., Bandettini, P.A., Boas, D.A., Bower, J.M., Buxton, R.B., Cohen, L.B., Dale, A.M., Einevoll, G.T., Fox, P.T., Franceschini, M.A., Friston, K.J., Fujimoto, J.G., Geyer, M.A., Greenberg, J.H., Halgren, E., Hämäläinen, M.S., Helmchen, F., Hyman, B.T., Jasanoff, A., Jernigan, T.L., Judd, L.L., Kim, S.G., Kleinfeld, D., Kopell, N.J., Kutas, M., Kwong, K.K., Larkum, M.E., Lo, E.H., Magistretti, P.J., Mandeville, J.B., Masliah, E., Mitra, P.P., Mobley, W.C., Moskowitz, M.A., Nimmerjahn, A., Reynolds, J.H., Rosen, B.R., Salzberg, B.M., Schaffer, C.B., Silva, G.A., So, P.T., Spitzer, N.C., Tootell, R.B., Van Essen, D.C., Vanduffel, W., Vinogradov, S.A., Wald, L.L., Wang, L.V., Weber, B., Yodh, A.G. The challenge of connecting the dots in the B.R.A.I.N. (2013) Neuron. 80(2):270-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.09.008

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Ruiz, O., Lustig, B.R., Nassi, J.J., Cetin, A., Reynolds, J.H., Albright, T.D., Callaway, E.M., Stoner, G.R., Roe, A.W. Optogenetics through windows on the brain in the nonhuman primate. (2013) Journal of Neurophysiology. 110(6):1455-67. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00153.2013

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Anderson, E.B., Mitchell, J.F., Reynolds, J.H. Attention-dependent reductions in burstiness and action-potential height in macaque area V4. (2013) Nature Neuroscience. 16(8):1125-31. DOI: 10.1038/nn.3463

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Sharpee, T.O., Kouh, M., Reynolds, J.H. Trade-off between curvature tuning and position invariance in visual area V4. (2013) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110(28):11618-23. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217479110

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Nandy, A.S., Sharpee, T.O., Reynolds, J.H., Mitchell, J.F. The fine structure of shape tuning in area V4. (2013) Neuron. 78(6):1102-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.016

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Sundberg, K.A., Mitchell, J.F., Gawne, T.J., Reynolds, J.H. Attention influences single unit and local field potential response latencies in visual cortical area V4. (2012) Journal of Neuroscience. 32(45):16040-50. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0489-12.2012

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Fallah, M., Reynolds, J.H. Contrast dependence of smooth pursuit eye movements following a saccade to superimposed targets. (2012) PLOS One. 7(5):e37888. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037888

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Anderson, E.B., Mitchell, J.F., Reynolds, J.H. Attentional modulation of firing rate varies with burstiness across putative pyramidal neurons in macaque visual area V4. (2011) Journal of Neuroscience. 31(30):10983-92. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0027-11.2011

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Ciaramitaro, V.M., Mitchell, J.F., Stoner, G.R., Reynolds, J.H., Boynton, G.M. Object-based attention to one of two superimposed surfaces alters responses in human early visual cortex. (2011) Journal of Neurophysiology. 105(3):1258-65. DOI: 10.1152/jn.00680.2010

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Mitchell, J.F., Sundberg, K.A., Reynolds, J.H. Spatial attention decorrelates intrinsic activity fluctuations in macaque area V4. (2009) Neuron. 63(6):879-88. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.013

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Berdyyeva, T.K., Reynolds, J.H. The dawning of primate optogenetics. (2009) Neuron. 62(2):159-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.04.011

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Sundberg, K.A., Mitchell, J.F., Reynolds, J.H. Spatial attention modulates center-surround interactions in macaque visual area v4. (2009) Neuron. 61(6):952-63. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.02.023

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Reynolds, J.H., Heeger, D.J. The normalization model of attention. (2009) Neuron. 61(2):168-85. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.01.002

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Reynolds, J. Three hundred million years of attentional selection. (2008) Neuron. 60(4):528-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.11.006

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Reynolds, J.H. Mapping the microcircuitry of attention. (2008) Nature Neuroscience. 11(8):861-2. DOI: 10.1038/nn0808-861

Khoe, W., Mitchell, J.F., Reynolds, J.H., Hillyard, S.A. ERP evidence that surface-based attention biases interocular competition during rivalry. (2008) Journal of Vision. 8(3):18.1-11. DOI: 10.1167/8.3.18

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Mitchell, J.F., Sundberg, K.A., Reynolds, J.H. Differential attention-dependent response modulation across cell classes in macaque visual area V4. (2007) Neuron. 55(1):131-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.018

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Fallah, M., Stoner, G.R., Reynolds, J.H. Stimulus-specific competitive selection in macaque extrastriate visual area V4. (2007) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104(10):4165-9. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611722104

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Bodelón, C., Fallah, M., Reynolds, J.H. Temporal resolution for the perception of features and conjunctions. (2007) Journal of Neuroscience. 27(4):725-30. DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3860-06.2007

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Sundberg, K.A., Fallah, M., Reynolds, J.H. A motion-dependent distortion of retinotopy in area V4. (2006) Neuron. 49(3):447-57. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2005.12.023

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Khoe, W., Mitchell, J.F., Reynolds, J.H., Hillyard, S.A. Exogenous attentional selection of transparent superimposed surfaces modulates early event-related potentials. (2005) Vision Research. 45(24):3004-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2005.04.021

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Using a transparent motion paradigm, [Valdes-Sosa, M., Bobes, M. A., Rodriguez, V., & Pinilla, T. (1998). Switching attention without shifting the spotlight object-based attentional modulation of brain potentials, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 137-151; Valdes-Sosa, M., Cobo, A., & Pinilla, T. (2000). Attention to object files defined by transparent motion, Journal of Experimental Psychological: Human Perception and Performance, 26, 488-505] found that when attention is endogenously directed to one surface, observers can more reliably report the direction of a brief translation of the cued than the uncued surface. Using a similar design [Reynolds, J. H., Alborzian, S., & Stoner, G. R. (2003). Exogenously cued attention triggers competitive selection of surfaces, Vision Research, 43, 59-66] found that even in the absence of an endogenous cue, the first translation acted as a potent exogenous cue that impaired the observer's ability to discriminate a subsequent translation of the other surface. We investigated the neural basis of this exogenous cueing effect by recording visual event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by translations of the cued and uncued surfaces. Subjects were given the task of judging whether or not the first and second translations were identical in direction, and their performance was impaired when the second translation occurred on the uncued, as compared to the cued surface. The posterior C1 (75-110 ms) and N1 (160-210 ms) components of the ERP elicited by the second translation of the cued surface were larger than those elicited by translation of the uncued surface. These behavioral and ERP cueing effects were present even when the two surfaces were identical in color and thus could not be attributed to attention-related modulations of the gain of color channels. These findings provide evidence that exogenous cueing results in preferential selection of the cued surface at both early and intermediate stages of visual-cortical processing.

Stoner, G.R., Mitchell, J.F., Fallah, M., Reynolds, J.H. Interacting competitive selection in attention and binocular rivalry. (2005) Progress in Brain Research. 149:227-34. DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(05)49016-0

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Reynolds, J.H., Fallah, F. (2004) Functional Neuroimaging of Visual Cognition Attention and Performance XX.:363-380

Reynolds, J.H., Chelazzi, L. Attentional modulation of visual processing. (2004) Annual Review of Neuroscience. 27:611-47. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131039

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Mitchell, J.F., Stoner, G.R., Reynolds, J.H. Object-based attention determines dominance in binocular rivalry. (2004) Nature. 429(6990):410-3. DOI: 10.1038/nature02584

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Mitchell, J.F., Stoner, G.R., Fallah, M., Reynolds, J.H. Attentional selection of superimposed surfaces cannot be explained by modulation of the gain of color channels. (2003) Vision Research. 43(12):1323-8.

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Reynolds, J.H., Gottlieb, J.P., Kastner (2003) Fundamental Neuroscience, 2nd edition.:1249-1272

Reynolds, J.H., Desimone, R. Interacting roles of attention and visual salience in V4. (2003) Neuron. 37(5):853-63.

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Reynolds, J.H., Alborzian, S., Stoner, G.R. Exogenously cued attention triggers competitive selection of surfaces. (2003) Vision Research. 43(1):59-66.

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Fallah, M., Reynolds, J.H. Attention! V1 neurons lining up for inspection. (2001) Neuron. 31(5):674-5.

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Fries, P., Reynolds, J.H., Rorie, A.E., Desimone, R. Modulation of oscillatory neuronal synchronization by selective visual attention. (2001) Science. 291(5508):1560-3. DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5508.1560

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Reynolds, J.H., Pasternak, T., Desimone, R. Attention increases sensitivity of V4 neurons. (2000) Neuron. 26(3):703-14.

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Reynolds, J.H., Desimone, R. The role of neural mechanisms of attention in solving the binding problem. (1999) Neuron. 24(1):19-29, 111-25.

Reynolds, J.H., Chelazzi, L., Desimone, R. Competitive mechanisms subserve attention in macaque areas V2 and V4. (1999) Journal of Neuroscience. 19(5):1736-53.

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Carpenter, G.A., Grossberg, S., Reynolds, J.H. A fuzzy ARTMAP nonparametric probability estimator for nonstationary pattern recognition problems. (1995) IEEE Trans Neural Netw. 6(6):1330-6. DOI: 10.1109/72.471374

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Carpenter, G.A., Grossberg, S., Markuzon, N., Reynolds, J.H., Rosen, D.B. Fuzzy ARTMAP: A neural network architecture for incremental supervised learning of analog multidimensional maps. (1992) IEEE Trans Neural Netw. 3(5):698-713. DOI: 10.1109/72.159059

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John Reynolds, PhD

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