Salk scientists and colleagues discover important mechanism underlying Alzheimer's disease

Salk scientists and colleagues discover important mechanism underlying Alzheimer’s disease

Details of destructive neuronal pathway should help improve drug therapies

拉霍亚，加利福尼亚州—Alzheimer’s disease affects more than 26 million people worldwide. It is predicted to skyrocket as boomers age—nearly 106 million people are projected to have the disease by 2050. Fortunately, scientists are making progress towards therapies. A collaboration among several research entities, including the Salk Institute and the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, has defined a key mechanism behind the disease’s progress, giving hope that a newly modified Alzheimer’s drug will be effective.

In a previous study in 2009, Stephen F. Heinemann, ，索尔克研究所的教授 分子神经生物学实验室, found that a nicotinic receptor called Alpha7 may help trigger Alzheimer’s disease. “Previous studies exposed a possible interaction between Alpha-7 nicotinic receptors (α7Rs) with amyloid beta, the toxic protein found in the disease’s hallmark plaques,” says Gustavo Dziewczapolski, a staff researcher in Heinemann’s lab. “We showed for the first time, in vivo, that the binding of this two proteins, α7Rs and amyloid beta, provoke detrimental effects in mice similar to the symptoms observed in Alzheimer’s disease .”

Their experiments, published in 神经科学杂志, with Dziewczapolski as first author, consisted in testing Alzheimer’s disease-induced mice with and without the gene for α7Rs. They found that while both types of mice developed plaques, only the ones with α7Rs showed the impairments associated with Alzheimer’s.

But that still left a key question: Why was the pairing deleterious?

In a recent paper in the 美国国家科学院院刊, Heinemann and Dziewczapolski here at Salk with Juan Piña-Crespo, Sara Sanz-Blasco, Stuart A. Lipton of the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute and their collaborators announced they had found the answer in unexpected interactions among neurons and other brain cells.

Neurons communicate by sending electrical and chemical signals to each other across gaps called synapses. The biochemical mix at synapses resembles a major airport on a holiday weekend—it’s crowded, complicated and exquisitely sensitive to increases and decreases in traffic. One of these signaling chemicals is glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, which is essential for learning and storing memories. In the right balance, glutamate is part of the normal functioning of neuronal synapses. But neurons are not the only cells in the brain capable of releasing glutamate. Astrocytes, once thought to be merely cellular glue between neurons, also release this neurotransmitter.

In this new understanding of Alzheimer’s disease, there is a cellular signaling cascade, in which amyloid beta stimulates the alpha 7 nicotine receptors, which trigger astrocytes to release additional glutamate into the synapse, overwhelming it with excitatory (“go”) signals.

This release in turn activates another set of receptors outside of the synapse, called extrasynaptic-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (eNMDARs) that depress synaptic activity. Unfortunately, the eNMDARs seem to overly depress synaptic function, leading to the memory loss and confusion associated with Alzheimer’s.

Now that the team has finally determined the steps in this destructive pathway, the good news is that a drug developed by the Lipton’s Laboratory called NitroMemantine, a modification of the earlier Alzheimer’s medication, Memantine, may block the entry of eNMDARs into the cascade.

“Thanks to the joint effort of our colleagues and collaborators, we seem to finally have a clear mechanistic link between a key target of the amyloid beta in the brain, the Alpha7 nicotinic receptors, triggering downstream harmful effects associated with the initiation and progression of Alzheimer’s disease,” says Dziewczapolski. “This is a clear demonstration of the value of basic biomedical research. Drug development cannot proceed without knowing the details of interactions at the molecular and cellular level. Our research revealed two potential targets, α7Rs and eNMDARs, for future disease-modifying therapeutics, which Dr. Heinemann and I both hope will translate in a better treatment for Alzheimer’s patients.”

Other researchers on the study were Maria Talantova, Xiaofei Zhang, Peng Xia, Mohd Waseem Akhtar, Shu-ichi Okamoto, Tomohiro Nakamura, Gang Cao, Alexander E. Pratt, Yeon-Joo Kang, Shichun Tu, Elena Molokanova, Gary Tong, Scott R. McKercher, James Parker, Emily A. Holland, Traci Fang-Newmeyer, Dongxian Zhang, Nobuki Nakanishi, H.-S. Vincent Chen and Rajesh Ambasudhan of the Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute; Samuel Andrew Hires of the Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute; Herman Wolosker and Hagit Sason of the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology in Israel; Yuqiang Wang of Jinan University in China and Panorama Research Institute in California; Loren H. Parsons, David G. Stouffer, Matthew W. Buczynski, Amanda Roberts, James P. Solomon, Evan T. Powers and Jeffery W. Kelly of the Scripps Research Institute; Sarah Michael and Eliezer Masliah of UCSD School of Medicine.

本工作得到了...的支持 美国国立卫生研究院, Department of Defense, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, American Heart Association and the Ministry of Education and Science of Spain.

关于索尔克生物研究所：

索尔克生物研究所是世界顶尖的基础研究机构之一，其国际知名的教职人员在一个独特、协作和富有创造性的环境中，深入探究生命科学的基本问题。索尔克科学家们致力于发现和指导未来几代研究人员，通过研究神经科学、遗传学、细胞和植物生物学以及相关学科，在癌症、衰老、阿尔茨海默氏症、糖尿病和传染病的认识方面做出了开创性的贡献。.

学院取得了许多成就，获得了包括诺贝尔奖和美国国家科学院院士在内的无数荣誉。该研究所由脊髓灰质炎疫苗先驱 Jonas Salk 博士于 1960 年创立，是一家独立的非营利组织和建筑地标。.