Aggressive brain tumors can originate from a range of nervous system cells

Aggressive brain tumors can originate from a range of nervous system cells

Salk discovery may help doctors slow progression and recurrence of brain cancer

LA JOLLA, CA—Scientists have long believed that glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor, begins in glial cells that make up supportive tissue in the brain or in neural stem cells. In a paper published October 18 in 科学, however, researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies have found that the tumors can originate from other types of differentiated cells in the nervous system, including cortical neurons.

GBM is one of the most devastating brain tumors that can affect humans. Despite progress in genetic analysis and classification, the prognosis of these tumors remains poor, with most patients dying within one to two years of diagnosis. The Salk researcher’s findings offer an explanation for the recurrence of GBM following treatment and suggest potential new targets to treat these deadly brain tumors.

From left: Postdoctoral researcher Dinorah Friedmann-Morvinski and
Inder Verma, professor in Salk’s Laboratory of Genetics.

图片：由萨克生物研究所提供

“One of the reasons for the lack of clinical advances in GBMs has been the insufficient understanding of the underlying mechanisms by which these tumors originate and progress,” says 英德·维尔马, ，索尔克研究所的教授 遗传实验室 and the Irwin and Joan Jacobs Chair in Exemplary Life Science.

To better understand this process, Verma’s team harnessed the power of modified viruses, called lentiviruses, to disable powerful tumor suppressor genes that regulate the growth of cells and inhibit the development of tumors. With these tumor suppressors deactivated, cancerous cells are given free rein to grow out of control.

To do that, Verma and his colleagues attached small RNA molecules, known as short hairpin RNAs, to the modified viruses and injected them directly into very few cells in the brains of genetically engineered mice that express an enzyme known as CRE specifically in neurons, astrocytes or neural stem cells. The modified viruses target two genes—neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) and p53—that, when mutated, are implicated in severe gliomas like GBM. Using sophisticated analytical techniques, they discovered that neurons genetically converted by the lentiviruses that also produce green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker to track the progression of tumors are capable of forming malignant gliomas.

The blue, green, red and yellow in this image indicate that these neurons are producing proteins typical of immature nerve cells, evidence that they have reverted to a stem cell-like state. Salk scientists found that mature cortical neurons are capable of reverting to this immature state and developing into an aggressive type of brain tumor that was previously thought to only develop from neural stem cells or glia, another type of cell in the brain.

Image: Courtesy of Dinorah Friedmann-Morvinski

Because the origin of glioblastomas from neurons has not been previously reported, the Salk scientists provided further evidence that mature neurons can be transformed by these oncogenes by isolating cortical neurons from genetically engineered mice and transducing them with one of the lentiviruses. The neurons that were transplanted back into the mice developed the same tumors as the ones in the laboratory.

“Our findings,” says lead author Dinorah Friedmann-Morvinski, a postdoctoral researcher in the Laboratory of Genetics, “suggest that, when two critical genes—NF-1 and p53—are disabled, mature, differentiated cells acquire the capacity to reprogram [dedifferentiate] to a neuroprogenitor cell-like state, which can not only maintain their plasticity, but also give rise to the variety of cells observed in malignant gliomas.”

If scientists can block the process of dedifferentiation or proliferation of dedifferentiated neuroprogenitor cells, they may be able to stop tumor progression. That’s important in an aggressive disease like GBM because of its high rate of recurrence.

“Our results offer an explanation of recurrence of gliomas following treatment,” says Verma, “because any tumor cell that is not eradicated can continue to proliferate and induce tumor formation, thereby perpetuating the cycle of continuous cell replication to form malignant gliomas.”

The scientists say the tumors in their mouse model are similar to GBMs that affect humans. Because they have the same pathology and characteristic genetic signature, scientists can study potential therapies in mice that should, theoretically, work in humans. While they may not eradicate GBM, these therapies may slow the progression of the disease and improve patients’ quality of life.

Other researchers on the study were Eugene Ke, Yasushi Soda, Tomotoshi Marumoto and Oded Singer of the Salk Institute; and Eric Bushong and Mark Ellisman of the University of California, San Diego.

这项工作得到了...的支持 美国国立卫生研究院, 益普森/生物测量, ， 那个 Leona M. 和 Harry B. Helmsley 慈善信托基金, ， 那个 H.N. and Frances C. Berger Foundation, ，和 National Center for Research Resources.

关于索尔克生物研究所：
索尔克生物研究所是世界顶尖的基础研究机构之一，其国际知名的教职人员在一个独特、协作和富有创造性的环境中，深入探究生命科学的基本问题。索尔克科学家们致力于发现和指导未来几代研究人员，通过研究神经科学、遗传学、细胞和植物生物学以及相关学科，在癌症、衰老、阿尔茨海默氏症、糖尿病和传染病的认识方面做出了开创性的贡献。.

学院取得了许多成就，获得了包括诺贝尔奖和美国国家科学院院士在内的无数荣誉。该研究所由脊髓灰质炎疫苗先驱 Jonas Salk 博士于 1960 年创立，是一家独立的非营利组织和建筑地标。.