Good fences make good neighbors:

May 15, 2009

Good fences make good neighbors:

Missing genomic "fence posts" explain inactivated tumor suppressor genes in breast cancer

May 15, 2009

La Jolla, CA-Our genome is a patchwork of neighborhoods that couldn’t be more different: Some areas are hustling and bustling with gene activity, while others are sparsely populated and in perpetual lock-down. Breaking down just a few of the molecular fences that separate them blurs the lines and leads to the inactivation of at least two tumor suppressor genes, according to researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.

Their findings, published in the May 15, 2009 issue of Molecular Cell, explain how a single event can put a cell well ahead on the road to becoming a tumor cell. “Selectively removing a couple of fence posts jumpstarts a cascade of global changes all over the genome that may eventually lead to cancer,” says Beverly Emerson, Ph.D., a professor in the Regulatory Biology Laboratory, who led the study.

Normally, a complex network of accelerators (growth factors) and brakes (tumor suppressors) keeps a tight lid on cell proliferation. Tumors result when changes in the genome activate cancer-causing genes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes that tip this delicate balance in favor of uncontrolled cell growth.

“For a really long time people have been trying to understand how tumor suppressor genes get silenced in cancer,” says postdoctoral researcher and first author Michael Witcher. “Now that we have figured out one of the key events that leads to their inactivation, we might be able to exploit this mechanism to develop novel therapies.”

If stretched out, the DNA of a single human cell would form a very thin thread about 6 feet in length. To fit such a long molecule inside a cell’s nucleus and keep everything neatly organized, the DNA is threaded around histone proteins and coiled up in a highly condensed structure called heterochromatin. In areas of gene activity, the tightly packed chromatin is unfurled just enough to make the DNA accessible to regulatory proteins.

In many different types of cancers, however, including breast, lung, liver, and pancreatic tumors, as well as multiple myeloma and lymphoma, the tumor suppressor p16 gets buried deep inside heterochromatin. As a result, it cannot be read by the transcription machinery and is unable keep watch over cell growth.

Researchers had known for a long time that sometimes p16 is silenced long before a cell turns cancerous, yet why that particular stretch of DNA was flagged with chemical marks and became wound up so tightly that it became inaccessible had remained a mystery.

Most people looked for clues within the immediate vicinity of the gene but came up empty-handed. When Witcher extended his search further upstream, however, he discovered a binding site for CTCF, short for CCCTC-binding factor, which forms the centerpiece of the molecular fence posts that separate heterochromatin from the rest of the genome. “We found that the binding of this protein is lost from several binding sites in numerous types of cancer cells, leading to the collapse of the molecular boundary,” he says. “Once the boundary was gone, the adjacent heterochromatin encroached and silenced the nearest gene.”

Further experiments revealed that CTCF was missing because it lacked a chemical modification known as “PARlation,” lab lingo for poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation, which allows the protein to bind to select sites in the genome. “Without PARlation, CTCF fails to form the complex necessary to regulate p16 and the tumor suppressor RASSF1A and possibly others, explaining why breast cancer cells always contain both silenced p16 and silenced RASSF1A,” says Witcher.

“We believe that destabilization of specific chromosomal boundaries or loss of molecular fences through aberrant CTCF function may be a general mechanism to inactivate tumor suppressor genes and initiate tumorigenesis in numerous forms of human cancers,” says Emerson.

For information on the commercialization of this technology, please contact the Salk Office of Technology Development (858) 453-4100, Ext. 1278.

This work was supported by the Samuel Waxman Cancer Research Foundation and the Canadian Institute of Health Research.

关于索尔克生物研究所：
索尔克生物研究所是世界上最杰出的基础研究机构之一，其国际知名的教职人员在独特、协作和富有创造性的环境中探索生命科学的基本问题。索尔克科学家专注于发现和指导未来几代研究人员，通过研究神经科学、遗传学、细胞生物学和植物生物学以及相关学科，在癌症、衰老、阿尔茨海默病、糖尿病和心血管疾病的认识方面做出了开创性的贡献。.

学院取得了许多成就，获得了包括诺贝尔奖和美国国家科学院院士在内的无数荣誉。该研究所由脊髓灰质炎疫苗先驱 Jonas Salk 博士于 1960 年创立，是一家独立的非营利组织和建筑地标。.