{"id":894,"date":"2015-09-30T13:59:24","date_gmt":"2015-09-30T20:59:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?page_id=894"},"modified":"2026-01-16T12:48:03","modified_gmt":"2026-01-16T20:48:03","slug":"glenn-center-faculty","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/science\/research-centers\/glenn-center-for-research-on-aging\/glenn-center-faculty\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4eba\u4eec"},"content":{"rendered":" \r\n
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Jan Karlseder<\/h2>\r\nDirector\r\nGlenn Center for Research on Aging\r\n858 453-4100 x1867\r\nkarlseder@salk.edu<\/a>\r\n
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\r\n\r\nMy laboratory is interested in telomere dynamics during the cell cycle, aging, senescence and cancer formation. We are focusing on telomere maintenance pathways and their regulation during cellular transformation, on telomere structure, telomere replication, the interaction between the checkpoint machinery with telomeres, the impact telomeres have on nuclear structure, telomere localization and telomere-driven epigenetic changes during cellular and organismal aging and transformation. The laboratory\u2019s recent discovery that mitotic inhibition leads to telomere dysfunction promotes the hypothesis that side effects associated with treatment of mitotic inhibitors, such as accelerated aging phenotypes, could be due to telomere deprotection. Furthermore, we are exploring the effects of mitotic inhibition on telomere crisis, genome instability and cancer formation.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Martin W. Hetzer, PhD<\/h2>\r\nDirector, Glenn Center for Research on Aging\r\nProfessor, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory\r\nJesse and Caryl Philips Foundation Chair\r\n
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\r\n\r\nAge is the major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurodegenerative and several other human diseases. The fundamental defining feature of aging is an overall decline in the functional capacity of various organs, which in turn results from deterioration of homeostasis within their constituent cells. Our lab uses emerging technology to study how organs in the adult body\u2014primarily focusing on the heart and the brain\u2014are maintained. We are particularly interested in identifying the mechanisms underlying their functional decline during aging. These studies are relevant from a public health standpoint as they hold the promise of revealing new principles of tissue homeostasis and age-related loss of function during \u201cnormal\u201d and pathological aging.\r\n\r\nWe have recently discovered that nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are extremely long-lived in post-mitotic cells and deteriorate over time, causing a loss of cell compartmentalization in old neurons. Our results suggest that nuclear pore deterioration might be a general aging mechanism leading to age-related defects in nuclear function, such as the loss of youthful gene expression programs. Age-dependent deterioration of NPC function and the associated failure of the nuclear permeability barrier are characterized by the leaking of cytoplasmic proteins into the nucleoplasm. We detected large filaments inside the ‘leaky’ nuclei of old mouse and rat neurons, which stained with the cytoplasmic protein tubulin. Strikingly, tubulin-positive intranuclear structures have been linked to various neurological disorders in humans. Our studies provide a new perspective on the cellular organization of neurons and suggest that long-lived NPCs might contribute to their functional decline during aging.\r\n\r\nOur recent results also suggest that, in addition to NPCs, additional proteins exist that are as old as the cell and organism they reside in. A metabolic, pulse-chase labeling study performed in rats suggests that long-lived proteins (LLPs) might be much more prevalent than previously thought and might be critical for the function and aging of neurons. In the future, we will study the biochemical properties of LLPs and explore the idea that previously identified protein repair mechanisms might enable them to persist for years. In addition, we will study why protein longevity might have evolved and test if the functional decline of LLPs might explain age-related changes observed in neurons.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Glenn Investigators<\/h2>\r\n
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Sreekanth Chalasani<\/h2>\r\nAssistant Professor\r\nMolecular Neurobiology Laboratory\r\n
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\r\n\r\nOur team is interested in understanding how neural circuits decode environmental changes to drive behavior. We use the nematode, C. elegans<\/em> and the vertebrate D. rerio<\/em> as models to study brain functions.\r\n\r\nThe C. elegans<\/em> nervous system consists of just 302 neurons that are connected by identified chemical and electrical synapses. Despite its simplicity, this animal displays a number of sophisticated behaviors providing us with an ideal model to study neural circuit properties.\r\n\r\nWhat is a neural circuit?<\/strong> A neural circuit is a defined as a set of interconnected neurons whose activation identifies a pathway for information to flow and often results in a behavioral output. We have recently found that in the chemosensory system, the configuration of the neural circuit is dynamic and changes based on sensory context. We found that sensory neurons come in two flavors: primary sensory neurons that directly detect stimuli and secondary neurons that respond to signals from the primary neurons. This suggests that sensory information is encoded by the combined activity of both primary and secondary neurons. We have also discovered this primary to secondary neuron signaling is degraded during aging and that this loss might underlie the aging-associated decline in olfactory function. We are currently dissecting the mechanisms that regulate aging process at the level of genes, neural circuits, tissues and whole animals.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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Ron Evans<\/h2>\r\nProfessor and Director, Gene Expression Laboratory\r\nHoward Hughes Medical Institute Investigator\r\nMarch of Dimes Chair in Molecular and Developmental Biology\r\n
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\r\n\r\nHumans are built to hunger for fat, but when deluged by foods rich in fat and sugar, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle, the modern waistline often far exceeds the need to store energy for lean times. The result has been an epidemic of diabetes, heart disease and other obesity-related problems. Although exercise and calorie restriction are known to be effective at preventing and treating diabetes, the obesity epidemic continues to grow, and new drugs to treat the problem are desperately needed.\r\n\r\nAgainst this backdrop, our team identified the missing link in the regulation of metabolism. This linchpin is a protein known as fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1), which may open new avenues in the treatment of diabetes. The lab found that FGF1 activity is triggered by a high-fat diet and that mice lacking the protein swiftly develop diabetes. This suggests that FGF1 is crucial to maintaining the body’s sensitivity to insulin and normal levels of sugar in the blood.\r\n\r\nWe also found that the antidiabetic drug Actos, which is used to increase the body’s sensitivity to insulin, regulates FGF1. But Actos and related drugs, though helpful, have side effects that limit their use. Thus, we plan to explore whether FGF1 itself might point to a new way to control diabetes by avoiding the drawbacks of Actos and providing a more natural means of increasing insulin sensitivity.\r\n\r\nIn addition to dietary regulation, mammalian metabolism is highly circadian, with major hormonal circuits corresponding to our sleep-wake cycles. Sleeping is a fasting period, while the remainder of the day involves periodic eating. Synchronizing rhythms of behavior and metabolic processes is important for cardiovascular health and for preventing metabolic disease. Two receptors found on the nuclei of mouse and human cells, known as REV-ERB-\u03b1 and REV-ERB-\u03b2, are essential for synchronizing normal sleep and metabolic cycles. Our findings describe a powerful link between circadian rhythms and metabolism and suggest a new direction for treating disorders of both systems, including jet lag, sleep disorders, obesity and diabetes.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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\u9c81\u65af\u8482\u00b7\u76d6\u5947<\/h2>\r\nProfessor, Laboratory of Genetics\r\nVi and John Adler Chair for Research on Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disease\r\n
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\r\n\r\nHuman aging is the main risk factor for several diseases including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer\u2019s or Parkinson\u2019s disease. To better understand the pathogenesis of these diseases, the in vitro generation of human neurons for disease modeling is an attractive approach. However, preservation of human aging as a major pathogenic risk factor would seem unlikely given that cells must transit the embryo-like induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) state. We generated iPSCs from a broad range of aged donors and found that, in contrast to primary skin fibroblasts, iPSCs rejuvenated their transcriptomic memory of donor age. Alternatively, direct conversion into functional induced Neurons (iN) preserved transcriptomic signatures of age. Importantly, iNs from aged donors showed a highly age-dependent decrease in several very interesting and relevant genes including genes encoding proteins important for nuclear transport and importantly these genes and their corresponding protein are also down regulated in old fibroblasts as well as in the aging human prefrontal cortex. Using a reporter system for nucleo-cytoplasmic compartmentalization (NCC), we detected an age-dependent loss of NCC in old fibroblasts and neurons. In addition, we demonstrate that a reduction of key protein was sufficient to impair NCC in young cells. In contrast, iPSC rejuvenation completely restored NCC in old cells. Our data demonstrate that, unlike iPSCs, directly converted iNs retain important molecular and functional signatures of the age of their donors, thus allowing for a new model of aging in vitro. The data also identify impaired protein compartmentalization between nucleus and cytoplasm as an important factor involved in human aging.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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\u9c81\u65af\u8482\u00b7\u76d6\u5947<\/h2>\r\nProfessor, Laboratory of Genetics\r\nVi and John Adler Chair for Research on Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disease\r\n
\r\n
\r\n\r\n\u7814\u7a76<\/a>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n\r\nHuman aging is the main risk factor for several diseases including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer\u2019s or Parkinson\u2019s disease. To better understand the pathogenesis of these diseases, the in vitro generation of human neurons for disease modeling is an attractive approach. However, preservation of human aging as a major pathogenic risk factor would seem unlikely given that cells must transit the embryo-like induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) state. We generated iPSCs from a broad range of aged donors and found that, in contrast to primary skin fibroblasts, iPSCs rejuvenated their transcriptomic memory of donor age. Alternatively, direct conversion into functional induced Neurons (iN) preserved transcriptomic signatures of age. Importantly, iNs from aged donors showed a highly age-dependent decrease in several very interesting and relevant genes including genes encoding proteins important for nuclear transport and importantly these genes and their corresponding protein are also down regulated in old fibroblasts as well as in the aging human prefrontal cortex. Using a reporter system for nucleo-cytoplasmic compartmentalization (NCC), we detected an age-dependent loss of NCC in old fibroblasts and neurons. In addition, we demonstrate that a reduction of key protein was sufficient to impair NCC in young cells. In contrast, iPSC rejuvenation completely restored NCC in old cells. Our data demonstrate that, unlike iPSCs, directly converted iNs retain important molecular and functional signatures of the age of their donors, thus allowing for a new model of aging in vitro. The data also identify impaired protein compartmentalization between nucleus and cytoplasm as an important factor involved in human aging.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"&nbs","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":892,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"folder":[535],"class_list":["post-894","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPeople - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/science\/research-centers\/glenn-center-for-research-on-aging\/glenn-center-faculty\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"People - 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Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research","line_2":"People","scientist":[{"ID":246,"post_author":"3","post_date":"2015-09-02 14:20:45","post_date_gmt":"2015-09-02 21:20:45","post_content":"","post_title":"Martin Hetzer, PhD","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"private","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"martin-hetzer","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2023-01-13 16:02:38","post_modified_gmt":"2023-01-14 00:02:38","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=scientist&p=246","menu_order":137,"post_type":"scientist","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":206,"post_author":"3","post_date":"2015-09-02 12:33:31","post_date_gmt":"2015-09-02 19:33:31","post_content":"","post_title":"Ronald Evans, PhD","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"publish","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"ronald-evans","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2025-07-25 10:03:52","post_modified_gmt":"2025-07-25 17:03:52","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=scientist&p=206","menu_order":142,"post_type":"scientist","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"},{"ID":252,"post_author":"3","post_date":"2015-09-02 14:38:46","post_date_gmt":"2015-09-02 21:38:46","post_content":"","post_title":"Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte, PhD","post_excerpt":"","post_status":"private","comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","post_password":"","post_name":"juan-carlos-izpisua-belmonte","to_ping":"","pinged":"","post_modified":"2022-09-02 09:02:00","post_modified_gmt":"2022-09-02 16:02:00","post_content_filtered":"","post_parent":0,"guid":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=scientist&p=252","menu_order":136,"post_type":"scientist","post_mime_type":"","comment_count":"0","filter":"raw"}],"secondary_navigation":"<div class=\"menu-glenn-center-for-research-on-aging-container\"><ul id=\"menu-glenn-center-for-research-on-aging\" class=\"menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-900\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/science\/research-centers\/glenn-center-for-research-on-aging\/\">Overview<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-5296\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/science\/research-centers\/glenn-center-for-research-on-aging\/research\/\">Research<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-898\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/science\/research-centers\/glenn-center-for-research-on-aging\/glenn-center-faculty\/\">People<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-902\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/science\/research-centers\/glenn-center-for-research-on-aging\/fellows\/\">Fellows<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-896\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/science\/research-centers\/glenn-center-for-research-on-aging\/contact\/\">Contact<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>","gallery":false,"center_faculty":[{"portrait":{"ID":11797,"id":11797,"title":"jan-karlsedar_0x8c0591web1-xx","filename":"Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx.jpg","filesize":80547,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/jan-karlseder\/jan-karlsedar_0x8c0591web1-xx\/","alt":"","author":"3","description":"","caption":"","name":"jan-karlsedar_0x8c0591web1-xx","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":1040,"date":"2016-12-15 19:06:52","modified":"2017-04-04 21:19:54","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":769,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx-768x766.jpg","medium_large-width":768,"medium_large-height":766,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx.jpg","large-width":769,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx.jpg","1536x1536-width":769,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx.jpg","2048x2048-width":769,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx-769x550.jpg","hero-width":769,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx-767x767.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx-147x147.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx-300x299.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":299,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx-458x457.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":457,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx-585x583.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":583,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx-553x552.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":552,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx-750x748.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":748,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":765,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx.jpg","col-md-10-width":769,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Jan-Karlsedar_0X8C0591web1-xx.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":598}},"name":"Jan Karlseder","title":"Director<br>The Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research<br>\u526f\u603b\u7edf\u3001\u9996\u5e2d\u79d1\u5b66\u5b98<br>Professor, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory<br>Donald and Darlene Shiley Chair for Research on Aging","phone":"(858) 453-4100 x1867","email":"karlseder@salk.edu","research_tagline":"<strong>Telomere driven proliferative boundaries and inflammation in age-associated cancer initiation<\/strong>","research":"<p>My laboratory is interested in telomere dynamics during the cell cycle, aging, senescence and cancer formation. We are focusing on telomere maintenance pathways and their regulation during cellular transformation, on telomere structure, telomere replication, the interaction between the checkpoint machinery with telomeres, the impact telomeres have on nuclear structure, telomere localization and telomere-driven epigenetic changes during cellular and organismal aging and transformation. The laboratory\u2019s recent discovery that mitotic inhibition leads to telomere dysfunction promotes the hypothesis that side effects associated with treatment of mitotic inhibitors, such as accelerated aging phenotypes, could be due to telomere deprotection. Furthermore, we are exploring the effects of mitotic inhibition on telomere crisis, genome instability and cancer formation.<\/p>\n"},{"portrait":{"ID":25812,"id":25812,"title":"Gerald-Shadel-767x767","filename":"Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","filesize":452494,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/gerald-shadel\/gerald-shadel-767x767\/","alt":"Gerald Shadel","author":"91","description":"","caption":"","name":"gerald-shadel-767x767","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":15178,"date":"2020-02-26 00:43:52","modified":"2022-06-16 18:48:08","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":767,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","medium_large-width":767,"medium_large-height":767,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","large-width":767,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","1536x1536-width":767,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","2048x2048-width":767,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767-767x550.jpg","hero-width":767,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767-147x147.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767-300x300.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767-767x767.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":767,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","col-md-10-width":767,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Gerald-Shadel-767x767.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"name":"Gerald Shadel","title":"Co-Director<br>\u5206\u5b50\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<br>Audrey Geisel Chair in Biomedical Science","phone":"","email":"gshadel@salk.edu","research_tagline":"<strong>Mitochondrial Signaling and mtDNA-mediated inflammation in aging and age-related pathology<\/strong>","research":"<p>Gerald Shadel studies the basic biology of mitochondria and mtDNA, and, in doing so, has identified novel ways that mitochondria contribute to disease, aging and the immunesystem. He is also interested in understanding how mitochondria are involved in cellular signaling processes. He seeks to identify what the signals are, what pathways they trigger and how they play a part in aging, cancer and metabolic and degenerative diseases. His group takes a multidisciplinary view, exploring mitochondrial function\u2014and dysfunction\u2014via cultured cells, model organisms and other genetic and biochemical approaches.<\/p>\n"}],"center_investigators":[{"portrait":{"ID":21655,"id":21655,"title":"Nicola-Allen-767","filename":"Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","filesize":100283,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/salk-promotes-nicola-allen-and-julie-law-to-associate-professor\/nicola-allen-767-2\/","alt":"Nicola Allen","author":"91","description":"","caption":"","name":"nicola-allen-767-2","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":21652,"date":"2019-01-30 19:12:41","modified":"2022-07-11 17:14:21","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":767,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","medium_large-width":767,"medium_large-height":767,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","large-width":767,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","1536x1536-width":767,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","2048x2048-width":767,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1-767x550.jpg","hero-width":767,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1-147x147.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1-300x300.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1-767x767.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":767,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","col-md-10-width":767,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/01\/Nicola-Allen-767-1.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"name":"Nicola Allen","title":"<p>\u6559\u6388<br \/>\n\u5206\u5b50\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<\/p>\n<p><strong>Astrocyte-neuron interactions in aging and neurodegeneration<\/strong><\/p>","research":"<p>Allen studies how astrocytes regulate the formation, function and stability of neuronal connections called synapses. Astrocytes closely interact with neurons and synapses via thousands of fine processes, putting them in a position to regulate these connections. Synapses are essential points of information transfer within neuronal circuits and change throughout life. In the young brain trillions of synapses form, in the adult brain synapses are stabilized, and in the aging brain synapses become less functional and are eliminated. Further, in most neurological disorders, no matter the stage of life, synaptic dysfunction is a key component. This includes autism during youth, schizophrenia in adulthood and Alzheimer\u2019s disease in aging. Allen is investigating if life stage-specific properties of synapses are being regulated by the astrocytes the neurons interact with, to identify new therapeutic targets for repairing synapses in the disorders where they are dysfunctional.<\/p>\n"},{"portrait":{"ID":939,"id":939,"title":"Chalasani-Web","filename":"Chalasani-Web.jpg","filesize":40088,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/sreekanth-chalasani\/chalasani-web\/","alt":"Sreekanth Chalasani","author":"3","description":"","caption":"","name":"chalasani-web","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":937,"date":"2015-10-02 16:37:05","modified":"2015-10-02 16:37:12","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":767,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","medium_large-width":767,"medium_large-height":767,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","large-width":767,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","1536x1536-width":767,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","2048x2048-width":767,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web-767x550.jpg","hero-width":767,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":767,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","col-md-10-width":767,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Chalasani-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"name":"Sreekanth Chalasani","title":"<p>\u6559\u6388<br \/>\n\u5206\u5b50\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<br \/>\nJesse and Caryl Philips Foundation Chair<\/p>\n<p><strong>Neuronal regulation of animal health and lifespan<\/strong><\/p>","research":"<p>Our team is interested in understanding how neural circuits decode environmental changes to drive behavior. We use the nematode, <em>C. elegans<\/em> and the vertebrate <em>D. rerio<\/em> as models to study brain functions.<\/p>\n<p>The <em>C. elegans<\/em> nervous system consists of just 302 neurons that are connected by identified chemical and electrical synapses. Despite its simplicity, this animal displays a number of sophisticated behaviors providing us with an ideal model to study neural circuit properties.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What is a neural circuit?<\/strong> A neural circuit is a defined as a set of interconnected neurons whose activation identifies a pathway for information to flow and often results in a behavioral output. We have recently found that in the chemosensory system, the configuration of the neural circuit is dynamic and changes based on sensory context. We found that sensory neurons come in two flavors: primary sensory neurons that directly detect stimuli and secondary neurons that respond to signals from the primary neurons. This suggests that sensory information is encoded by the combined activity of both primary and secondary neurons. We have also discovered this primary to secondary neuron signaling is degraded during aging and that this loss might underlie the aging-associated decline in olfactory function. We are currently dissecting the mechanisms that regulate aging process at the level of genes, neural circuits, tissues and whole animals.<\/p>\n"},{"portrait":{"ID":960,"id":960,"title":"Gage-Web","filename":"Gage-Web.jpg","filesize":44136,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/rusty-gage\/gage-web\/","alt":"Rusty Gage","author":"3","description":"","caption":"","name":"gage-web","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":958,"date":"2015-10-02 18:00:05","modified":"2015-10-24 15:36:38","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":767,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","medium_large-width":767,"medium_large-height":767,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","large-width":767,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","1536x1536-width":767,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","2048x2048-width":767,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web-767x550.jpg","hero-width":767,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":767,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","col-md-10-width":767,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Gage-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"name":"\u9c81\u65af\u8482\u00b7\u76d6\u5947","title":"<p>\u6559\u6388<br \/>\n\u9057\u4f20\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<br \/>\nVi and John Adler Chair for Research on Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disease<\/p>\n<p><strong>Age-related degenerative changes in neurons, glia and vasculature in the brain diseases<\/strong><\/p>","research":"<p>Human aging is the main risk factor for several diseases including neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer\u2019s or Parkinson\u2019s disease. To better understand the pathogenesis of these diseases, the in vitro generation of human neurons for disease modeling is an attractive approach. However, preservation of human aging as a major pathogenic risk factor would seem unlikely given that cells must transit the embryo-like induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) state. We generated iPSCs from a broad range of aged donors and found that, in contrast to primary skin fibroblasts, iPSCs rejuvenated their transcriptomic memory of donor age. Alternatively, direct conversion into functional induced Neurons (iN) preserved transcriptomic signatures of age. Importantly, iNs from aged donors showed a highly age-dependent decrease in several very interesting and relevant genes including genes encoding proteins important for nuclear transport and importantly these genes and their corresponding protein are also down regulated in old fibroblasts as well as in the aging human prefrontal cortex. Using a reporter system for nucleo-cytoplasmic compartmentalization (NCC), we detected an age-dependent loss of NCC in old fibroblasts and neurons. In addition, we demonstrate that a reduction of key protein was sufficient to impair NCC in young cells. In contrast, iPSC rejuvenation completely restored NCC in old cells. Our data demonstrate that, unlike iPSCs, directly converted iNs retain important molecular and functional signatures of the age of their donors, thus allowing for a new model of aging in vitro. The data also identify impaired protein compartmentalization between nucleus and cytoplasm as an important factor involved in human aging. <\/p>\n"},{"portrait":{"ID":23358,"id":23358,"title":"Susan_Kaech_767","filename":"Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","filesize":169946,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/susan-kaech\/susan_kaech_767\/","alt":"Susan Kaech","author":"91","description":"","caption":"","name":"susan_kaech_767","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":15215,"date":"2019-07-03 17:21:46","modified":"2022-07-11 16:14:01","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":767,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","medium_large-width":767,"medium_large-height":767,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","large-width":767,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","1536x1536-width":767,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","2048x2048-width":767,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767-767x550.jpg","hero-width":767,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767-147x147.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767-300x300.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767-767x767.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":767,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","col-md-10-width":767,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/10\/Susan_Kaech_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"name":"Susan Kaech","title":"<p>\u6559\u6388<br \/>\nNOMIS \u514d\u75ab\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u81f4\u75c5\u673a\u7406\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/p>\n<p><strong>T cell metabolism and function in aging, tumor immune responses and neuroinflammation<\/strong><\/p>","research":"<p>Susan Kaech aims to understand how memory T cells are produced during infection and vaccination, how they function and why they can fail to induce long-term immunity, particularly during chronic disease or cancer. Her lab has been a leader in using genetic and molecular tools to identify the genes and signaling molecules involved in generating two specific types of memory T cells, CD4 and CD8, from precursor cells during both acute and chronic viral infections. She and her team have discovered several gene networks and key molecules called cytokines that shape how memory T cells develop during a viral infection. Kaech is especially interested in how T cells are metabolically regulated, and how their specialization and function can be altered by the types of nutrients available in infected tissues or in tumors. Related to this, she seeks to learn how T cell behavior is suppressed by tumors, in order to create better therapies for cancer using the body\u2019s own immune system\u2014an innovative and rapidly moving field called cancer immunotherapy.<\/p>\n"},{"portrait":{"ID":2694,"id":2694,"title":"Law-Web","filename":"Law-Web.jpg","filesize":40112,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/julie-law\/law-web\/","alt":"Julie Law","author":"3","description":"","caption":"","name":"law-web","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":2692,"date":"2015-10-04 23:35:37","modified":"2015-10-24 15:38:43","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":767,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","medium_large-width":767,"medium_large-height":767,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","large-width":767,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","1536x1536-width":767,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","2048x2048-width":767,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web-767x550.jpg","hero-width":767,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":767,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","col-md-10-width":767,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Law-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"name":"Julie Law","title":"<p>\u526f\u6559\u6388<br \/>\nPlant Biology Laboratory <\/p>\n<p><strong>Mechanisms controlling DNA methylation patterns during plant developmental aging<\/strong><\/p>","research":"<p>One major aspect controlling gene expression in eukaryotic organisms involves the addition of specific chemical groups, termed epigenetic modifications, to DNA and histones\u2014two major components of chromatin. These modifications influence the expression of the underlying genes and play critical roles in diverse biological processes including imprinting, development and gene silencing. My laboratory studies the mechanisms through which these patterns of chromatin modifications are established and interpreted. In particular, we are interested in repressive modifications, like DNA methylation, that contribute to global genome stability, through the silencing of transposable elements, and to cellular identity, through the silencing of genes in a developmentally programmed manner. Attesting to the importance of proper DNA methylation patterns, aberrant DNA methylation is associated with both acute and chronic effects on development and human health. This includes numerous age-related diseases such as heart disease, cancer and a variety of neurological and autoimmune disorders. To understand how changes in DNA methylation arise and how they contribute to the progression of age-related diseases, a detailed understanding of the proteins and pathways controlling DNA methylation is required. This information will not only be key in understanding how epigenetic processes can contribute to the progression of diseases, but also in determining how specific manipulations of DNA methylation pathways can be employed for gene therapy.<\/p>\n<p>Over the past two years, my laboratory has focused on identifying and characterizing chromatin effectors, including chromatin remodeling complexes and histone binding proteins, that link epigenetic modifications with the machinery required to orchestrate critical processes associated with genome stability using the plant model Arabidopsis thaliana. Using a combination of genetic, biochemical and genomics approaches, we aim to determine the epigenetic marks recognized by these chromatin factors, identify their interacting partners, and investigate their effects on gene expression and higher order chromatin structure, providing a holistic view of the events occurring downstream of epigenetic modifications.<\/p>\n<p>Arabidopsis is an ideal model organism to study epigenetic processes as it is genetically malleable, highly amenable to genomic analyses and tolerant of dramatic changes in its epigenetic landscape, setting it apart from other model organisms. In addition, many of the proteins and pathways involved in epigenetic processes are conserved between plants and mammals. Thus, our work takes advantage of the speed and genetic malleability of a model system while maintaining a high level of relevance to human health and disease that may ultimately aid in the development of tools capable of correcting epigenetic-based defects. <\/p>\n"},{"portrait":{"ID":30717,"id":30717,"title":"Christian-Metallo-767","filename":"Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","filesize":141144,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/christian-metallo\/christian-metallo-767\/","alt":"Christian Metallo","author":"91","description":"","caption":"","name":"christian-metallo-767","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":30715,"date":"2021-05-06 22:56:14","modified":"2021-05-06 22:56:22","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":767,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","medium_large-width":767,"medium_large-height":767,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","large-width":767,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","1536x1536-width":767,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","2048x2048-width":767,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767-767x550.jpg","hero-width":767,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767-147x147.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767-300x300.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":767,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","col-md-10-width":767,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/Christian-Metallo-767.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"name":"\u514b\u91cc\u65af\u8482\u5b89\u00b7\u6885\u5854\u6d1b","title":"<p>\u6559\u6388<br \/>\n\u5206\u5b50\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<br \/>\nDaniel and Martina Lewis Chair<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rewiring metabolism in age-associated pathologies<\/strong><\/p>","research":"<p>Metallo\u2019s work focuses on mapping these interconnected metabolic networks to uncover disease-causing pathways. Using tracer molecules and advanced mass spectroscopy techniques, his lab identifies how molecules are broken down and re-built, where metabolites end up in the body, and what regulates these processes. Taking this approach, Metallo has made key discoveries about the metabolic pathways that drive cancer progression and macular disease\u2014pathways, which can then be influenced through dietary manipulations or targeted therapies.<\/p>\n"},{"portrait":{"ID":24352,"id":24352,"title":"Satchin_Panda_767","filename":"Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","filesize":104589,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/satchidananda-panda\/satchin_panda_767\/","alt":"","author":"91","description":"","caption":"","name":"satchin_panda_767","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":2595,"date":"2019-09-23 21:15:10","modified":"2019-09-23 21:15:10","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":767,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","medium_large-width":767,"medium_large-height":767,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","large-width":767,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","1536x1536-width":767,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","2048x2048-width":767,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767-767x550.jpg","hero-width":767,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767-147x147.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767-300x300.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767-767x767.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":767,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","col-md-10-width":767,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Satchin_Panda_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"name":"\u8428\u5947\u8fbe\u5357\u8fbe\u00b7\u6f58\u8fbe","title":"<p>\u6559\u6388<br \/>\n\u8c03\u8282\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<br \/>\nRita and Richard Atkinson Chair<\/p>\n<p><strong>Circadian rhythm disruption in aging and age-related chronic diseases<\/strong><\/p>","research":"<p>Our team explores how our biological clocks control our metabolism and physiology as a means for coming up with new strategies to treat or prevent chronic diseases. Our lab discovered that a light receptor, called melanopsin, senses blue light in our environment and tells our brain when to sleep and when to stay alert. The discovery has inspired architects and designers to redesign lighting at workplaces, homes and hospitals to improve the quality of life. The team is also actively pursuing a novel idea for finding drugs that can mimic light or dark so that diseases like depression and sleep disorders can be effectively treated.<\/p>\n<p>Our work on clocks outside the brain revealed that eating times synchronize clocks in other organs, including the liver, muscles and fat tissues. These clocks, in turn, orchestrate when and for how long our body breaks down sugar, fat and cholesterol.<\/p>\n<p>We may have found another option for preventing obesity by preserving natural feeding rhythms without altering dietary intake. We discovered that mice who ate fatty food frequently throughout the day gained weight and developed high cholesterol, high blood glucose, liver damage and diminished motor control, while the mice restricted to eating for only eight hours per day weighed 28 percent less and showed no adverse health effects, despite consuming the same amount of calories from the same fatty food. When given an exercise test, the time-restricted mice also outperformed the ad-lib eaters and control animals fed a normal diet. The findings suggest that the control of energy metabolism is a finely tuned process that involves an intricate network of signaling and genetic pathways, including nutrient-sensing mechanisms and the circadian system. Time restricted feeding acts on these interwoven networks and moves their state toward that of a normal feeding rhythm. <\/p>\n"},{"portrait":{"ID":22878,"id":22878,"title":"John_Reynolds_767","filename":"John_Reynolds_767.jpg","filesize":157114,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/john-reynolds\/john_reynolds_767\/","alt":"John Reynolds","author":"91","description":"","caption":"","name":"john_reynolds_767","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":2577,"date":"2019-05-10 18:16:33","modified":"2022-07-11 17:16:19","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":767,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767.jpg","medium_large-width":767,"medium_large-height":767,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767.jpg","large-width":767,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767.jpg","1536x1536-width":767,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767.jpg","2048x2048-width":767,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767-767x550.jpg","hero-width":767,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767-147x147.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767-300x300.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767-767x767.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":767,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767.jpg","col-md-10-width":767,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/John_Reynolds_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"name":"John Reynolds","title":"<p>\u6559\u6388<br \/>\n\u7cfb\u7edf\u795e\u7ecf\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<br \/>\nFiona and Sanjay Jha Chair in Neuroscience<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mechanisms of age-related cognitive decline in the non-human primate brain<\/strong><\/p>","research":"<p>John Reynolds\u2019 team is working to decipher the neural mechanisms that enable us to perceive, understand and interact with the world around us, capacities that are impaired in brain disease. The long-range goal of his laboratory is twofold: to understand the fundamental nature of the computations that are carried out by the brain and to relate these to perception and conscious awareness.<\/p>\n<p>Reynolds and his team tackle these questions by studying how the mammalian brain sifts through and makes sense of the immense amount of sensory information that we receive from our environment at any given moment. To study this question, they deploy a range of experimental techniques, including neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, computational modeling, visual psychophysics, two-photon microscopy and cutting-edge optogenetic techniques, which entail the use of viruses to change the DNA of neurons so that they become sensitive to light. Reynolds\u2019 team then uses lasers to control neuronal activity in order to understand brain computations.<\/p>\n"},{"portrait":{"ID":24963,"id":24963,"title":"Reuben_Shaw_767","filename":"Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","filesize":170729,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/reuben-shaw\/reuben_shaw_767\/","alt":"","author":"91","description":"","caption":"","name":"reuben_shaw_767","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":169,"date":"2019-11-27 18:54:48","modified":"2019-11-27 18:54:48","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":767,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","medium_large-width":767,"medium_large-height":767,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","large-width":767,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","1536x1536-width":767,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","2048x2048-width":767,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767-767x550.jpg","hero-width":767,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767-147x147.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767-300x300.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767-767x767.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":767,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","col-md-10-width":767,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Reuben_Shaw_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"name":"\u9c81\u672c-\u8096","title":"<p>\u6559\u6388<br \/>\n\u5206\u5b50\u4e0e\u7ec6\u80de\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5b9e\u9a8c\u5ba4<br \/>\nWilliam R. Brody Chair<\/p>\n<p><strong>The role of AMPK and its downstream effectors in aging and age-related pathology<\/strong><\/p>","research":"<p>The central goal of our research is to elucidate mechanisms by which cells connect nutrient availability to cell growth and metabolism. Our work is focused on a highly conserved signal transduction pathway controlled by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that, when deregulated, leads to cancer and metabolic disease. Activation of AMPK by the tumor-suppressor LKB1 under conditions of energy stress serves as a central switch that reprograms glucose and lipid metabolism and halts cell growth. LKB1, which encodes a serine\/threonine kinase that is the cause of the inherited cancer disease Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, is also one of the most commonly mutated genes in lung cancer.<\/p>\n<p>Current efforts in our laboratory are aimed at further identifying the key components of the LKB1-AMPK signaling pathway that suppress tumorigenesis and metabolic disease, as well as decoding the circuits linking fundamental cell biological processes to physiology. We employ a variety of biochemical, cell-biological, and genetic mouse models to dissect these biological processes. The discovery of this ancient energy-sensing pathway has already led to fundamental insights into the mechanisms through which all eukaryotic organisms couple their growth to nutrient conditions and metabolism. A deeper understanding of the key components of this pathway connecting metabolism and cell growth will instruct us how to best exploit these endogenous mechanisms to combat specific forms of cancer and type 2 diabetes. <\/p>\n"},{"portrait":{"ID":969,"id":969,"title":"Zheng-Web","filename":"Zheng-Web.jpg","filesize":32302,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/ye-zheng\/zheng-web\/","alt":"","author":"3","description":"","caption":"","name":"zheng-web","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":965,"date":"2015-10-02 18:45:03","modified":"2017-04-06 16:56:23","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":767,"height":767,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","medium_large-width":767,"medium_large-height":767,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","large-width":767,"large-height":767,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","1536x1536-width":767,"1536x1536-height":767,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","2048x2048-width":767,"2048x2048-height":767,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web-767x550.jpg","hero-width":767,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","square-width":767,"square-height":767,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","grid-767-width":767,"grid-767-height":767,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","col-md-10-width":767,"col-md-10-height":767,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Zheng-Web.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"name":"Ye Zheng","title":"<p>\u6559\u6388<br \/>\nNOMIS \u514d\u75ab\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u548c\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u81f4\u75c5\u673a\u7406\u4e2d\u5fc3<br \/>\nBecky and Ralph S. O'Connor Chair<\/p>\n<p><strong>Role of regulatory T cell in tissue inflammation and repair during aging<\/strong><\/p>","research":"<p>The immune system undergoes profound changes with the increase of age. In old adults, a significant decline occurs in the immune system\u2019s ability to respond to vaccination and to protect the host against infection. Regulatory T cell (Treg) is a subset of T lymphocytes that suppress excessive immune response and prevent autoimmune diseases. The number of regulatory T cells increases substantially during the aging process compared to other T cell sub-populations in humans and mice. The expansion of Tregs in old individual can amplify their immunosuppressive function, and lead to compromised immune response against infection and tumor. Currently, the signals that drive Treg expansion during aging are poorly understood. It is also not clear if Tregs from aged individual retain the same immune suppression capacity as Tregs from the young. We are currently studying the dynamics of the Treg population during aging and characterizing the molecular signatures of aged Treg cells. Through our studies, we hope to develop strategies to manipulate Tregs to fine-tune the immune system in aged setting to fight against infections and cancer.<\/p>\n"}],"poster_quote":"","salk_custom_body_class":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/894","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=894"}],"version-history":[{"count":47,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/894\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":55763,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/894\/revisions\/55763"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/892"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=894"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/folder?post=894"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}