{"id":7,"date":"2015-08-27T13:50:32","date_gmt":"2015-08-27T20:50:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?page_id=7"},"modified":"2024-08-14T15:13:27","modified_gmt":"2024-08-14T22:13:27","slug":"history-of-salk","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/about\/history-of-salk\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7d22\u5c14\u514b\u5386\u53f2"},"content":{"rendered":"

In 1957, Jonas Salk, developer of the first safe and effective polio vaccine, began his quest to fulfill his second dream: create a collaborative environment where researchers could explore the basic principles of life and contemplate the wider implications of their discoveries for the future of humanity.<\/p>\n

Gifted with 27 acres overlooking the Pacific Ocean by the City of San Diego in 1960, Salk partnered with architect Louis Kahn to design such a research center. He summarized his aesthetic objectives by telling Kahn to “create a facility worthy of a visit by Picasso.”<\/p>\n

With financial support from the National Foundation\/March of Dimes, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies opened its doors in 1963. In addition to Salk, the first Resident Fellows were Jacob Bronowski, Melvin Cohn, Renato Dulbecco, Edwin Lennox and Leslie Orgel. The Nonresident Fellows were Leo Szilard, Francis Crick, Salvador Luria, Jacques Monod and Warren Weaver.<\/p>\n

The major study areas are aging and regenerative medicine<\/a>, cancer biology<\/a>, immune system biology<\/a>, metabolism and diabetes<\/a>, neuroscience and neurological disorders<\/a> \u548c \u690d\u7269\u751f\u7269\u5b66<\/a>. Salk research provides new understanding and potential treatments for a range of diseases, from AIDS and Alzheimer’s to cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Discoveries by plant biologists are paving the way to improving the quality and quantity of the world’s food supply and to addressing critical environmental problems, including global warming.<\/p>\n

The Institute is supported by research grants from the National Institutes of Health, private foundations and individuals who value scientific trailblazing.<\/p>\n

As its first director, Salk said of his eponymous institute: \u201cThe Salk Institute is a curious place, not easily understood, and the reason for it is that this is a place in the process of creation. It is being created and is engaged in studies of creation. We cannot be certain what will happen here, but we can be certain it will contribute to the welfare and understanding of man.\u201d<\/p>\n

For more details about the history of the Salk Institute, click here for information about the “Genesis of The Salk Institute”<\/a>. Written by Suzanne Bourgeois<\/a>, Professor Emerita and Founding Director of the Regulatory Biology Laboratory at the Salk Institute. <\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In 1957, Jonas Salk, developer of the first safe and effective polio vaccine, began his quest to fulfill his second dream: create a collaborative environment where researchers could explore the basic principles of life and contemplate the wider implications of their discoveries for the future of humanity.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":5,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"folder":[509],"class_list":["post-7","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHistory of Salk - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/about\/history-of-salk\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"History of Salk - 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In June, in a special referendum, voters overwhelmingly approve giving Salk 27 acres on a La Jolla mesa, just west of the proposed site for the new University of California, San Diego. With funding from the National Foundation\/March of Dimes, Salk selects architect Louis Kahn to collaborate on design.<\/p>"},{"year":"1960","description":"<p>Salk becomes first Institute president on December 28. He serves until March 7, 1962.<\/p>"},{"year":"1962","description":"<p>Groundbreaking takes place in June. Concrete is poured in December.<\/p>"},{"year":"1963","description":"<p>First labs are set up in temporary buildings. The first Resident Fellows are chosen: Salk, Jacob Bronowski, Melvin Cohn, Renato Dulbecco, Edwin Lennox and Leslie Orgel. The first Nonresident Fellows are Leo Szilard, Francis Crick, Salvador Luria, Jacques Monod, and Warren Weaver. Salk again serves as president, from September 29 to June 16, 1965.<\/p>"},{"year":"1966","description":"<p>Researchers move into labs in the new north building.<\/p>"},{"year":"1967","description":"<p>Institute construction is complete.<\/p>"},{"year":"1968","description":"<p>Renato Dulbecco publishes discovery that viruses cause cancer by inserting their genes into the chromosomes of infected cells. He is awarded a Nobel Prize for this research in 1975.<\/p>"},{"year":"1972","description":"<p>Jim Patrick and Jon Lindstrom purify an acetylcholine receptor, a molecule that triggers muscle contraction in response to a nerve signal. This leads to the discovery of the cause of the paralyzing disease myasthenia gravis.<\/p>"},{"year":"1973","description":"<p>Roger Guillemin and colleagues discover somatostatin, a brain hormone that blocks the release of growth hormone. It is now used to treat peptic ulcers.<\/p>"},{"year":"1974","description":"<p>Robert Holley discovers that serum contains factors that control cell division.<\/p>"},{"year":"1977","description":"<p>Roger Guillemin, Floyd Bloom and colleagues characterize endorphins.<\/p>"},{"year":"1977","description":"<p>Roger Guillemin receives Nobel Prize for his work on neurohormones.<\/p>"},{"year":"1979","description":"<p>Tony Hunter and Bart Sefton discover tyrosine phosphorylation, a new type of protein modification. In the ensuing three decades, research leads to the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors that provide a new approach to cancer treatment.<\/p>"},{"year":"1981","description":"<p>Wylie Vale and colleagues discover, isolate and characterize corticotropin-releasing hormone that controls the body\u2019s response to stress.<\/p>"},{"year":"1982","description":"<p>Stephen Heinemann and colleagues clone first nicotinic receptor gene, providing a critical tool to pursue receptors on brain cells.<\/p>"},{"year":"1982","description":"<p>Roger Guillemin and colleagues isolate growth hormone-releasing factor that triggers release of growth hormone from the pituitary gland.<\/p>"},{"year":"1983","description":"<p>Inder Verma and colleagues develop genetically engineered viruses potentially useful in gene therapy.<\/p>"},{"year":"1984","description":"<p>Ursula Bellugi\u2019s work leads to discovery that the left hemisphere of the brain becomes specialized for languages, whether spoken or signed.<\/p>"},{"year":"1985","description":"<p>Ronald Evans and his lab clone and characterize the first nuclear hormone receptor, the human glucocorticoid receptor, and subsequently establish the unexpected existence of a nuclear receptor superfamily. This work leads to the principles of DNA recognition, receptor heterodimer formation and the discovery of the DNA code for hormone response.<\/p>"},{"year":"1985","description":"<p>Roger Guillemin and colleagues discover the structure of fibroblast growth factor, a substance that affects blood vessel growth, among other functions.<\/p>"},{"year":"1987","description":"<p>Researchers in the labs of Guillemin and Vale purify and characterize the reproductive hormone inhibin, leading to the discovery of activins, related molecules that have many roles outside the reproductive system.<\/p>"},{"year":"1987","description":"<p>Wylie Vale and colleagues discover link between the immune system and the brain.<\/p>"},{"year":"1987","description":"<p>Chris Lamb and colleagues show that different plant defense genes activate by various forms of stress.<\/p>"},{"year":"1988","description":"<p>Marc Montminy and colleagues show how chemical changes induced by hormonal signals can alter gene activity.<\/p>"},{"year":"1989","description":"<p>Terry Sejnowski and colleagues demonstrate a brain change (long-term depression) thought to be critical to memory formation.<\/p>"},{"year":"1989","description":"<p>Stephen Heinemann and colleagues clone first gene for a glutamate receptor, a molecule thought to be involved in memory formation.<\/p>"},{"year":"Late 1980s","description":"<p>Jonas Salk begins work on developing a vaccine for AIDS.<\/p>"},{"year":"1990","description":"<p>Pamela Mellon develops transgenic mice with a heritable cancer having features identical to human retinoblastoma. She also discovers a technique to immortalize nerve cells in the brain for study in test tubes.<\/p>"},{"year":"1990","description":"<p>Jonas Salk receives first Presidential Commemorative Award of the American Institute of Architects, Los Angeles chapter.<\/p>"},{"year":"1991","description":"<p>Wylie Vale and colleagues isolate a gene encoding CRF-binding protein that protects the body against a flood of corticotropin-releasing hormone produced by the placenta.<\/p>"},{"year":"1991","description":"<p>Salk Institute declared an historic landmark.<\/p>"},{"year":"1995","description":"<p>Jonas Salk dies June 23 at age 80.<\/p>"}],"jonas_salk":"<p>Jonas Edward Salk was born October 28, 1914 in New York City, the eldest of three sons to Russian-Jewish immigrants Daniel and Dora Salk. The first member of his family to attend college, he earned his medical degree from the New York University School of Medicine in 1939 and became a scientist physician at Mount Sinai Hospital.<\/p>\n<p>In 1942, Salk went to the University of Michigan on a research fellowship to develop an influenza vaccine. He soon advanced to the position of assistant professor of epidemiology. He also reconnected with his NYU friend and mentor, Thomas Francis, Jr., head of the epidemiology department at Michigan\u2019s new School of Public Health, who taught him the methodology of vaccine development.<\/p>\n<p>In 1947, Salk was appointed director of the Virus Research Laboratory at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. With funding from the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis\u2014now known as the March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation\u2014he began to develop the techniques that would lead to a vaccine to wipe out the most frightening scourge of the time: paralytic poliomyelitis.<\/p>\n<p>Contrary to the era\u2019s prevailing scientific opinion, Salk believed his vaccine composed of \u201ckilled\u201d polio virus could immunize without risk of infecting the patient. Salk administered the vaccine to volunteers who had not had polio, including himself, his lab scientist, his wife and their children. All developed anti-polio antibodies and experienced no negative reactions to the vaccine.<\/p>\n<p>In 1954, national testing began on one million children, ages six to nine, who became known as the Polio Pioneers. On April 12, 1955, the results were announced: the vaccine was safe and effective. In the two years before the vaccine was widely available, the average number of polio cases in the U.S. was more than 45,000. By 1962, that number had dropped to 910. Hailed as a miracle worker, Salk never patented the vaccine or earned any money from his discovery, preferring it be distributed as widely as possible.<\/p>\n<p>Founding the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla in 1963 was Salk\u2019s second triumph. He was aided with a $20 million grant from the National Science Foundation and support from the March of Dimes. <\/p>\n<p>Salk spent his last years searching for a vaccine against AIDS. He died on June 23, 1995 at the age of 80 in La Jolla, California. His life\u2019s philosophy is memorialized at the Institute with his now famous quote: \u201cHope lies in dreams, in imagination and in the courage of those who dare to make dreams into reality.\"<\/p>\n","image":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/08\/68482_NEG14jonas.jpg","gallery":false,"poster_quote":"","salk_custom_body_class":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":50470,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7\/revisions\/50470"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"folder","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/folder?post=7"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}