{"id":9724,"date":"2016-04-28T09:32:10","date_gmt":"2016-04-28T16:32:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&#038;p=9724"},"modified":"2024-01-30T15:41:51","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T23:41:51","slug":"tiny-microscopes-reveal-hidden-role-of-nervous-system-cells","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/tiny-microscopes-reveal-hidden-role-of-nervous-system-cells\/","title":{"rendered":"Tiny microscopes reveal hidden role of nervous system cells"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>LA JOLLA\u2014A microscope about the size of a penny is giving scientists a new window into the everyday activity of cells within the spinal cord. The innovative technology revealed that astrocytes\u2014cells in the nervous system that do not conduct electrical signals and were traditionally viewed as merely supportive\u2014unexpectedly react to intense sensation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"row\" style=\"\"><div class=\"col-md-8 col-md-push-2\"><div class=\"video-anchor\" id=\"video-5QQ4NbQBOHI\"><\/div><div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\"> <iframe class=\"embed-responsive-item\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5QQ4NbQBOHI?rel=0\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><!-- .embed-responsive --><\/div><!-- .col-md-*size --><\/div><!-- .\/row -->\n<p>The new miniaturized microscope and related imaging methods, described by Salk Institute scientists on April 28, 2016 in <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/ncomms\/2016\/160428\/ncomms11450\/full\/ncomms11450.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nature Communications<\/a><\/em>, offer unprecedented insight into nervous system function and could lead to novel pain treatments for spinal cord injuries, chronic itch and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/science\/research\/neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders\/\">neurodegenerative diseases<\/a> such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9011\"  class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9011 size-col-md-5\" style=\"max-width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/GFAP_GCaMP6f_cyto_whole-458x458.jpg\" alt=\"GFAP_GCaMP6f_cyto_whole\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Here, astrocytes (genetically labeled in green) in a spinal cord (co-stained with glial fibrillary acidic protein, red, to visualize its outline) react to the activity of sensation with their own chemical signals. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/GFAP_GCaMP6f_cyto_whole.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image. <\/p>\n<p>Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The spinal cord is crucial for sensing and responding to the world. Sometimes it even works independently from the brain, such as when your hand recoils from a hot stove before the sensation has fully registered. But it is unknown exactly how the cells within the spinal cord encode these and other feelings from the skin or internal organs.<\/p>\n<p>In the new study, senior author <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/axel-nimmerjahn\/\">Axel Nimmerjahn<\/a>, an assistant professor in Salk\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/science\/research-centers\/waitt-advanced-biophotonics-center\/\">\u97e6\u7279\u5148\u8fdb\u751f\u7269\u5149\u5b50\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/a>, and his team improved upon the miniaturized microscopes they first described back in 2008. The researchers\u2019 new version\u2014which features numerous hardware and software improvements\u2014enabled them to visualize changes in cellular activity in awake, roaming mice.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFor a long time, researchers have dreamed of being able to record cellular activity patterns in the spinal cord of an awake animal. On top of that, we can now do this in a freely behaving animal, which is very exciting,\u201d says first author Kohei Sekiguchi, a Salk researcher and PhD student at the <a href=\"https:\/\/ucsd.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of California, San Diego<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the Salk team\u2019s previous work focused on deploying microscopes to observe the brains of living animals. The spinal cord, by contrast, presented a bigger challenge for several reasons. For example, unlike the brain, multiple, independently moving vertebrae surround the spinal cord. The spinal cord is also closer to pulsating organs (heart and lungs), which can hinder stable views of the cells within. However, by developing new microscopy and procedural and computational approaches, the team was able to overcome these challenges and capture the action of living cells in real time and during vigorous movements.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9012\"  class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-9012\" style=\"max-width: 250px;\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Axel-Nimmerjahn_approved_0X8C1451-3-458x687.jpg\" alt=\"Kohei Sekiguchi and Axel Nimmerjahn\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salk researchers (from left, Kohei Sekiguchi and Axel Nimmerjahn) reveal the world\u2019s first imaging data on spinal cellular activity during behavior, enabled by their innovative miniaturized microscopes.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Axel-Nimmerjahn_approved_0X8C1451-3.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here for a high-resolution image<\/a> <\/p>\n<p>Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>In the new work, the group found that distinct stimuli\u2014such as light touch or pressure\u2014activate different subsets of spinal sensory neurons. They also found that certain features, like the intensity or duration of a given stimulus, are reflected in the activity of the neurons.<\/p>\n<p>To the team\u2019s surprise, astrocytes, traditionally thought to be passive support cells, also respond to stimuli (albeit differently than the neurons). Though the astrocytes cannot send electrical signals like neurons can, they generated their own chemical signals in a coordinated way during intense stimuli.<\/p>\n<p>Nimmerjahn is excited about this result because his group has a longstanding interest in understanding astrocytes and their roles in nervous system function and disease. These cells are increasingly appreciated as important players in how the nervous system develops and operates and could serve as promising new drug targets, he says.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNot only can we now study normal sensory processing, but we can also look at disease contexts like spinal cord injury and how treatments actually affect the cells,\u201d says Nimmerjahn.<\/p>\n<p>The team is now working to simultaneously record touch or pain-related activity in the brain and spinal cord using additional iterations of the miniaturized microscopes, which allow them to monitor and manipulate multiple cell types at even higher resolutions.<\/p>\n<p>Other researchers on the paper include the Salk Institute\u2019s Pavel Shekhtmeyster, Katharina Merten, Alexander Arena, Daniela Cook, Elizabeth Hoffman and Alexander Ngo.<\/p>\n<p>The work was supported by grants from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Institutes of Health<\/a>, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ritaallenfoundation.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rita Allen Foundation<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.whitehall.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Whitehall Foundation<\/a> \u548c <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thebrf.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brain Research Foundation<\/a>; funds from the <a href=\"http:\/\/waittfoundation.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Waitt Foundation<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hearstfdn.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hearst Foundations<\/a> and the Richard Allan Barry Family Charitable Foundation; and research fellowships from the Nakajima Foundation, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chapmantrusts.org\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mary K. Chapman Foundation<\/a>, Jesse and Caryl Philips Foundation, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rosehillsfoundation.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rose Hills Foundation<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.dfg.de\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft<\/a> (DFG) and the Catharina Foundation.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":9687,"template":"","faculty":[89],"disease-research":[459,124],"class_list":["post-9724","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-axel-nimmerjahn","disease-research-glial-biology","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Tiny microscopes reveal hidden role of nervous system cells - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/tiny-microscopes-reveal-hidden-role-of-nervous-system-cells\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Tiny microscopes reveal hidden role of nervous system cells - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014A microscope about the size of a penny is giving scientists a new window into the everyday activity of cells within the spinal cord. 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