{"id":9660,"date":"2016-04-25T11:49:19","date_gmt":"2016-04-25T18:49:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&p=9660"},"modified":"2024-01-30T15:42:32","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T23:42:32","slug":"salk-scientists-uncover-how-a-cells-fuel-gauge-promotes-healthy-development","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/salk-scientists-uncover-how-a-cells-fuel-gauge-promotes-healthy-development\/","title":{"rendered":"Salk scientists uncover how a cell\u2019s \u201cfuel gauge\u201d promotes healthy development"},"content":{"rendered":"

LA JOLLA\u2014(April 25, 2016) Salk scientists have revealed how a cellular \u201cfuel gauge\u201d responsible for monitoring and managing cells\u2019 energy processes also has an unexpected role in development. This critical link could help researchers better understand cancer and diabetes pathways.<\/p>\n

This cellular fuel gauge is a protein complex called AMPK that oversees energy input and output to keep the cell running smoothly. If AMPK were a car sensor, for instance, it would be able to instruct the vehicle when to get gas or lower the air conditioning to save energy. Similarly, if the cell\u2019s fuel supply\u2014nutrients\u2014is scarce, AMPK slows down cell growth and changes its metabolism. Previously, Salk Professor \u9c81\u672c-\u8096<\/a> discovered that AMPK could halt tumors\u2019 revved-up metabolism, as well as restore normal function to the liver and other tissues in diabetics.<\/p>\n

\"T\"
Salk scientists reveal a close association between lysosomes, the recycling centers of the cell, and the development of the endodermal germ layer. This image shows a well-differentiated structure derived from normal embryonic stem cells, with all nuclei stained blue. Only endoderm cells (green) contain high levels of lysosomes (red).<\/p>\n

Credit: Anwesh Kamireddy\/Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cEven though there\u2019s great interest in AMPK related to \u7cd6\u5c3f\u75c5<\/a> \u548c \u764c\u75c7<\/a>, frankly nothing was known about how this fuel gauge process changes in different cell populations during development,\u201d says Shaw, senior author of the work and holder of the William R. Brody Chair. Aside from giving new insight into stem cell therapies, the work, published in March 2016 in Genes & Development<\/a><\/em>, could also help refine cancer treatments.<\/p>\n

\u201cTo begin, we used CRISPR technology to edit out two important components of the AMPK pathway in embryonic stem cells,\u201d says Nathan Young, Salk research associate and first author of the paper. \u201cAt first we didn\u2019t see any difference, but things became interesting when we prompted the cells to differentiate.\u201d<\/p>\n

Normally, embryonic stem cells have the capacity to generate more specialized cells that belong to one of three broad groups termed germ layers\u2014the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm\u2014that can ultimately develop into all of the diverse cell types in an organism. However, the cells without a functioning AMPK pathway failed to efficiently make endoderm (the innermost layer in an organism) and instead made too much ectoderm (the layer that would turn into skin).<\/p>\n

\u201cThese cells couldn\u2019t make the right choice,\u201d says Shaw. \u201cThis was the first inclination that this metabolic pathway is telling cells what kind of specialized tissues to become.\u201d<\/p>\n

What was remarkable, according to the researchers, is when they looked closer at the gene expression patterns of the AMPK-deficient cells. They found that a large number of down-regulated genes related to one specific cellular structure: the lysosome. This critical self-contained organelle contains corrosive enzymes that degrade cellular material to reuse components\u2014the garbage disposal and recycling center of the cell.<\/p>\n

\"Reuben
From Left: Reuben Shaw and Nathan Young <\/p>\n

Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image <\/p>\n

Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

This loss of lysosomes, the researchers discovered, was due to the loss of a transcription factor called Tfeb, which turns on the expression of lysosomal genes in times of starvation. By simply reintroducing Tfeb into the dysfunctional cells, the team was able to restore normal development and differentiation.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was thought that lysosomes and AMPK were connected somehow, but no one had dreamed that you\u2019d get no lysosomes if you don\u2019t have this fuel gauge,\u201d says Shaw. \u201cConnecting the AMPK pathway to lysosomes begs the question of whether this pathway is part of anti-cancer pathways as well.\u201d<\/p>\n

Currently, lysosome inhibitors are in dozens of clinical trials for breast, lung, pancreatic and brain cancers, even though the exact link between lysosomes and tumors are not understood. \u201cWe are decoding some of these underlying connections that might indicate when and how a cancer drugs might be useful,\u201d says Shaw. \u201cThis work may also help up make better, more specific ways of targeting lysosomes in cancer.\u201d<\/p>\n

Other authors were Anwesh Kamireddy, Jeanine Van Nostrand, Lillian Eichner, Maxim Nikolaievich Shokhirev and Yelena Dayn, all of the Salk Institute<\/a>. The work was supported by the National Institutes of Health<\/a> and the Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":9659,"template":"","faculty":[45],"disease-research":[46],"class_list":["post-9660","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-reuben-shaw","disease-research-cancer-biology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSalk scientists uncover how a cell\u2019s \u201cfuel gauge\u201d promotes healthy development - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/salk-scientists-uncover-how-a-cells-fuel-gauge-promotes-healthy-development\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Salk scientists uncover how a cell\u2019s \u201cfuel gauge\u201d promotes healthy development - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014(April 25, 2016) Salk scientists have revealed how a cellular \u201cfuel gauge\u201d responsible for monitoring and managing cells\u2019 energy processes also has an unexpected role in development. 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