{"id":54398,"date":"2025-08-29T13:43:06","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T20:43:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&#038;p=54398"},"modified":"2025-09-11T16:05:12","modified_gmt":"2025-09-11T23:05:12","slug":"all-drii-ed-up-how-do-plants-recover-after-drought","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/all-drii-ed-up-how-do-plants-recover-after-drought\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e07\u7269\u590d\u82cf\uff1a\u5e72\u65f1\u540e\u690d\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u6062\u590d\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>LA JOLLA\u2014A plant\u2019s number one priority is to <em>grow<\/em>\u2014a feat that demands sunlight, nutrients, and water. If just one of these three inputs is missing, like water in a drought, growth halts. You might then think that at the end of that drought, the plant would jump right back into growing. Instead, its priorities shift.<\/p>\n<p>Salk plant biologists used advanced single-cell and spatial transcriptomic techniques to look closely at how a small, flowering plant called <em>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/em> recovers after drought. They discovered that <em>immunity<\/em> became the plant\u2019s number one priority during this post-drought period, as they watched immune-boosting genes light up rapidly throughout the Arabidopsis leaves. This supercharged immune response, dubbed \u201cDrought Recovery-Induced Immunity\u201d (DRII), also occurred in wild and domesticated tomatoes, suggesting that prioritizing immunity is conserved evolutionarily and likely takes place in other important crops.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 75%; margin: 40px auto; border: solid 1px #ccc; padding-bottom: 10px;\">\n<div id=\"kaltura_player_794383717\" class=\"kaltura-responsive\"><\/div>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/cdnapisec.kaltura.com\/p\/4912423\/embedPlaykitJs\/uiconf_id\/51722232\"><\/script><br \/>\n<script type=\"text\/javascript\">\n                    try {\n                      var kalturaPlayer = KalturaPlayer.setup({\n                        targetId: \"kaltura_player_794383717\",\n                        provider: {\n                          partnerId: 4912423,\n                          uiConfId: 51722232\n                        }\n                      });\n                      kalturaPlayer.loadMedia({entryId: '1_7xrejroa'});\n                    } catch (e) {\n                      console.error(e.message)\n                    }\n                  <\/script><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-size: .9em; margin-top: 0; padding: 0 20px;\">Cross-section of Arabidopsis leaf under drought conditions (bottom) and after 15 minutes of rehydration (top). Each color represents a different gene and its expression across the various leaf cell types during drought and immediate recovery. As the movie progresses, recovery-specific expression patterns emerge in the top leaf.<br \/>\nCredit: Salk Institute<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The findings, published in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-63467-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Nature Communications<\/em><\/a> on August 29, 2025, plant the seed for growing more resilient crops and protecting the global food supply in years to come.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cDrought poses a major challenge for plants, but what is less understood is how they recover once water returns,\u201d says senior author <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/joseph-ecker\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u57c3\u514b\u5c14<\/a>, professor, Salk International Council Chair in Genetics, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. \u201cWe found that, rather than accelerating growth to compensate for lost time, Arabidopsis rapidly activates a coordinated immune response. This discovery highlights recovery as a critical window of genetic reprogramming and points to new strategies for engineering crops that can rebound more effectively after environmental stress.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>Thirsty plant, dry soil<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Arabidopsis has served as an important laboratory model for plant biologists for half a century. The plant is quick and easy to grow, and it has a relatively simple genome compared to other plants. But crucially, many of the individual genes within the Arabidopsis genome are shared across many plant species\u2014including agriculturally relevant crops like tomatoes, wheat, and rice.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_54405\"  class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"458\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-54405 size-col-md-5\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-458x458.jpg\" alt=\"From left: Joseph Ecker and Natanella Illouz-Eliaz.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-458x458.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-767x767.jpg 767w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-147x147.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-585x585.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-553x553.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-750x750.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors-945x945.jpg 945w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left: Joseph Ecker and Natanella Illouz-Eliaz.<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-authors.jpg\">Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.<br \/>Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>One feature Arabidopsis shares with every plant is its need for water. The little plant sucks up water through microscopic pores on its \u201cskin\u201d\u2014but these little pores can also put the plant at risk, as they directly expose its vulnerable insides to the outside world. This challenges the plant to find a balance between taking in water and defending itself against harmful environmental intruders like pathogens.<\/p>\n<p>This balance becomes even <em>more <\/em>challenging during drought recovery. Without water, the plant closes its pores and enters a stressed state, arresting its growth and rationing its stores. When water returns, the pores quickly reopen to quench the thirsty plant, exposing it suddenly once more to the hazards of the outside world. So, how do plants protect themselves from this sudden onslaught in the drought recovery process?<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe know a lot about what\u2019s happening in plants during drought, yet we know next to nothing about what happens during that critical recovery period,\u201d says first author Natanella Illouz-Eliaz, a postdoctoral researcher in Ecker\u2019s lab. \u201cThis recovery period is incredibly genetically active and complex, as we\u2019ve already discovered processes we had no idea\u2014or even assumed\u2014would be a part of recovery. Now we know definitively that recovery is worth studying more moving forward.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>A speedy, single-cell, spatially aware study<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The researchers took Arabidopsis plants that had been living in a drought state and reintroduced the parched plants to water. They surveyed the plants\u2019 leaves for changes in gene expression starting at 15 minutes and incrementally worked all the way up to 260 minutes. This speedy surveillance sets the study apart, as plant biologists often don\u2019t capture data so soon after rehydration.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat\u2019s really incredible here,\u201d adds Illouz-Eliaz, \u201cis we would have entirely missed this discovery had we not decided to capture data at these early time points.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>While all the cells in an Arabidopsis leaf share the same genetic code, the <em>expression <\/em>of each gene in that code varies from cell to cell. The pattern of genes expressed by each unique cell determines that cell\u2019s identity and function. Effectively capturing gene expression patterns that differ between microscopic cells means recruiting sophisticated gene-sequencing technology like single-cell and spatial transcriptomics.<\/p>\n<p>Older methods required scientists to take a leaf, grind it up, and measure general expression patterns from there. Single-cell transcriptomics allows scientists to capture gene expression within a cellular context, which in turn more accurately represents cellular dynamics within plant tissues. In addition to this impressive single-cell precision, spatial transcriptomics analyzes those single cells within the physical context of the intact plant. With this method, scientists can process the leaf (or a section of that leaf) as a whole to see how expression differs between neighboring cells throughout drought or recovery.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Drought Recovery-Induced Immunity (DRII)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Just 15 minutes after rewatering, the team watched dormant genes sprout to life. Expression patterns shifted significantly across the many leaf cells, turning on gene after gene until thousands of new genes were active. These many genes kick-started an immune response that the researchers call \u201cDrought Recovery-Induced Immunity\u201d (DRII). In the vulnerable rehydration period, DRII came to Arabidopsis\u2019 defense, protecting the plant against pathogens.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_54406\"  class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"216\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-54406 size-col-md-5\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy-458x216.jpg\" alt=\"Cross-section of Arabidopsis leaf under drought conditions (top) and after 15 minutes of rehydration (bottom). Each color (blue, pink, green) represents a different recovery-induced gene being expressed.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy-458x216.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy-300x142.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy-1024x484.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy-768x363.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy-147x69.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy-585x277.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy-553x261.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy-750x355.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy-767x363.jpg 767w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy-945x447.jpg 945w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Cross-section of Arabidopsis leaf under drought conditions (top) and after 15 minutes of rehydration (bottom). Each color (blue, pink, green) represents a different recovery-induced gene being expressed.<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/250829-ecker-pr-microscopy.jpg\">Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image. Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>After witnessing DRII in Arabidopsis, the team was curious whether wild and farmed tomato plants experience DRII, too. Both tomato types did experience DRII, which, like in Arabidopsis, increased their pathogen resistance. These tomato findings also suggest the immune response may be shared across many other plant and crop species.<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s more left to understand about this rapid immune response. For starters, the rehydration process starts in the roots, so how does the signal travel so quickly from the roots to the leaf, enacting gene expression changes in only 15 minutes? And what is that signal?<\/p>\n<p>The researchers also believe the findings can help shift the field\u2019s perspective on plant stress. Perhaps plants aren\u2019t just focusing on survival and growth, but rather on preparing for what comes next after water returns. And maybe weighing survival versus longevity depends on a system that senses stress severity.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur results reveal that drought recovery is not a passive process but a highly dynamic reprogramming of the plant\u2019s immune system,\u201d says Ecker. \u201cBy defining the early genetic events that occur within minutes of rehydration, we can begin to uncover the molecular signals that coordinate stress recovery and explore how these mechanisms might be harnessed to improve crop resilience.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Other authors include Jingting Yu, Joseph Swift, Kathryn Lande, Bruce Jow, Lia Partida-Garcia, Travis Lee, Rosa Gomez Castanon, William Owens, Chynna Bowman, Emma Osgood, Joseph Nery, and Tatsuya Nobori of Salk; and Za Khai Tuang, Adi Yaaran, Yotam Zait, and Saul Burdman of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<\/p>\n<p>The work was supported by the United States\u2013Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund (FI-601-2020), George E. Hewitt Foundation for Medical Research, Weizmann Institute of Science, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, National Institutes of Health (K99GM154136, NCI CSSG P30 CA014195, NIA P30 AG068635), Henry L. Guenther Foundation, and Waitt Foundation.<\/p>\n<style>\n.kaltura-responsive {\n  position: relative;\n  width: 100%;\n  aspect-ratio: 16 \/ 9;\n}\n@supports not (aspect-ratio: 1) {\n  .kaltura-responsive { height: 0; padding-bottom: 56.25%; } \/* 16:9 *\/\n}\n<\/style>","protected":false},"featured_media":54407,"template":"","faculty":[42],"disease-research":[125,451],"class_list":["post-54398","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-joseph-ecker","disease-research-plant-biology","disease-research-plant-genomics"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>All DRII-ed up: How do plants recover after drought? - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/all-drii-ed-up-how-do-plants-recover-after-drought\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"All DRII-ed up: How do plants recover after drought? - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014A plant\u2019s number one priority is to grow\u2014a feat that demands sunlight, nutrients, and water. 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Nery, Tatsuya Nobori, Yotam Zait, Saul Burdman, and Joseph R. 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