{"id":42162,"date":"2023-08-22T00:00:20","date_gmt":"2023-08-22T07:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&p=42162"},"modified":"2023-08-22T20:16:45","modified_gmt":"2023-08-23T03:16:45","slug":"high-fat-diets-alter-gut-bacteria-to-boost-colorectal-cancer-risk-in-mice","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/high-fat-diets-alter-gut-bacteria-to-boost-colorectal-cancer-risk-in-mice\/","title":{"rendered":"High-fat diets alter gut bacteria, boosting colorectal cancer risk in mice"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"The
The inner folds of the intestines (purple) are different in healthy mice (left) compared to mice fed a high-fat diet (right). Salk researchers identified changes in bacteria and bile acids that drive these changes.
Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.
Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

LA JOLLA\u2014The prevalence of colorectal cancer in people under the age of 50 has risen in recent decades. One suspected reason: the increasing rate of obesity and high-fat diets. Now, researchers at the Salk Institute and UC San Diego have discovered how high-fat diets can change gut bacteria and alter digestive molecules called bile acids that are modified by those bacteria, predisposing mice to colorectal cancer.<\/p>\n

In the study, published in Cell Reports<\/em><\/a> on August 22, 2023, the team found increased levels of specific gut bacteria in mice fed high-fat diets. Those gut bacteria, they showed, alter the composition of the bile acid pool in ways that cause inflammation and affect how quickly intestinal stem cells replenish. Bile acids are molecules produced by the liver and used by the gut to help digest food and absorb cholesterol, fats, and nutrients.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe balance of microbes in the gut is shaped by diet, and we are discovering how alterations in the gut microbial population (the gut microbiome) can create problems that lead to cancer,\u201d says co-senior author and Professor \u7f57\u7eb3\u5fb7\u00b7\u57c3\u6587\u65af<\/a>, director of Salk\u2019s Gene Expression Laboratory. \u201cThis paves the way toward interventions that decrease cancer risk.\u201d<\/p>\n

In 2019, Evans and his colleagues showed in mice how high-fat diets boosted the overall bile acid levels<\/a>. The shift in bile acids, they found, shut down a key protein in the gut\u2014called the Farnesoid X receptor (FXR)\u2014and increased the prevalence of cancer.<\/p>\n

However, there were still missing links in the story, including how the gut microbiome and bile acids are changed by high-fat diets.<\/p>\n

In the new work, Evans\u2019 group teamed up with the labs of Rob Knight and Pieter Dorrestein at UC San Diego to examine the microbiomes and metabolomes\u2014collections of dietary and microbially derived small molecules\u2014in the digestive tracks of animals on high-fat diets. They studied mice with a genetic mutation that makes them more susceptible to colorectal tumors.<\/p>\n

\"From
From left: Ronald Evans, Ruth Yu, Annette Atkins, and Michael Downes.
Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.
Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The scientists discovered that although mice fed high-fat diets had more bile acids in their guts, it was a less diverse collection with a higher prevalence of certain bile acids that had been changed by gut bacteria. They also showed that these modified bile acids affected the proliferation of stem cells in the intestines. When these cells don\u2019t replenish frequently, they can accumulate mutations\u2014a key step toward encouraging the growth of cancers, which often arise from these stem cells.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe are only just beginning to understand these bacterially-conjugated bile acids and their roles in health and disease,\u201d says co-author Michael Downes, a staff scientist at Salk.<\/p>\n

There were also striking differences in the microbiomes of the mice on high-fat diets: the collections of gut bacteria in these mice\u2019s digestive tracts were less diverse and contained different bacteria than the microbiomes of mice not on high-fat diets. Two of these bacteria\u2014Ileibacterium valens<\/em> \u548c Ruminococcus gnavus<\/em>\u2014were able to produce these modified bile acids.<\/p>\n

The scientists were surprised to discover that a high-fat diet actually had a greater impact on the microbiome and modified bile acids than a genetic mutation that increases cancer susceptibility in the animals.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve pinpointed how high-fat diet influences the gut microbiome and reshapes the bile acids pool, pushing the gut into an inflamed, disease-associated state,\u201d says co-first author Ting Fu, a former postdoctoral fellow in the Evans lab.<\/p>\n

\"Ting
Ting Fu
Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.
Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The researchers believe high-fat diets change the composition of the microbiome, encouraging the growth of bacteria like I. valens <\/em>\u548c R. gnavus<\/em>. In turn, that boosts levels of modified bile acids. In a vicious cycle, those bile acids create a more inflammatory environment that can further change the makeup of gut bacteria.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe\u2019ve deconstructed why high-fat diets aren\u2019t good for you, and identified specific strains of microbes that flare with high-fat diets,\u201d says Evans, March of Dimes Chair in Molecular and Developmental Biology. \u201cBy knowing what the problem is, we have a much better idea of how to prevent and reverse it.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the future, the team will study how quickly the microbiome and bile acids change after an animal begins eating a high-fat diet. They also plan to study ways to reverse the cancer-associated effects of a high-fat diet by targeting FXR\u2014the protein that they previously discovered to be associated with bile acid changes.<\/p>\n

Other authors of the paper are Tae Gyu Oh, Justin L McCarville, Fritz Cayabyab, Mingxiao He, Ruth T. Yu, Annette Atkins, and Janelle Ayres of Salk; Gibraan Rahman, Hui Zhi, Zhenjiang Xu, Anupriya Tripathi, Cameron Martino, Qiyun Zhu, Fernando Vargas, and Manuela Raffatellu of UC San Diego; Tao Huan, Jian Guo, Brian Low, and Shipei Xing of University of British Columbia; and Sally Coulter and Christopher Liddle of University of Sydney.<\/p>\n

The work was supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute (CA014195), the National Institutes of Health (CA265762-01, DP1 AT010885, AI126277, AI145325, AI154644, AI114625, P01HL147835, R01DK057978), the collaborative microbial metabolite center (1U24DK133658-54701), a UC San Diego Postdoc Microbiome Center Seed Pilot Grant, a Hewitt Medical Foundation Fellowship, a Salk Alumni Fellowship, a Crohn’s & Colitis Foundation (CCFA) Visiting IBD Research Fellowship, the Lustgarten Foundation (122215393-02), the NOMIS Foundation, a SWCRF Investigator Award, the David C. Copley Foundation, the Wasily Family Foundation, the Don and Lorraine Freeberg Foundation, and the Burroughs Wellcome Fund.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":42199,"template":"","faculty":[91],"disease-research":[46,123],"class_list":["post-42162","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-ronald-evans","disease-research-cancer-biology","disease-research-metabolism-and-diabetes"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHigh-fat diets alter gut bacteria, boosting colorectal cancer risk in mice - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/high-fat-diets-alter-gut-bacteria-to-boost-colorectal-cancer-risk-in-mice\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"High-fat diets alter gut bacteria, boosting colorectal cancer risk in mice - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The inner folds of the intestines (purple) are different in healthy mice (left) compared to mice fed a high-fat diet (right). 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