{"id":35785,"date":"2022-08-29T00:00:20","date_gmt":"2022-08-29T07:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&p=35785"},"modified":"2024-01-30T14:21:48","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T22:21:48","slug":"how-light-and-temperature-work-together-to-affect-plant-growth","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/how-light-and-temperature-work-together-to-affect-plant-growth\/","title":{"rendered":"How light and temperature work together to affect plant growth"},"content":{"rendered":"

LA JOLLA\u2014Plants lengthen and bend to secure access to sunlight. Despite observing this phenomenon for centuries, scientists do not fully understand it. Now, Salk scientists have discovered that two plant factors\u2014the protein PIF7 and the growth hormone auxin\u2014are the triggers that accelerate growth when plants are shaded by canopy and exposed to warm temperatures at the same time.<\/p>\n

The findings, published in Nature Communications<\/em><\/a> on August 29, 2022, will help scientists predict how plants will respond to climate change\u2014and increase crop productivity despite the yield-harming global temperature rise.<\/p>\n

\u201cRight now, we grow crops in certain densities, but our findings indicate that we will need to lower these densities to optimize growth as our climate changes,\u201d says senior author Professor Joanne Chory<\/a>, director of Salk\u2019s Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Laboratory and Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator. \u201cUnderstanding the molecular basis of how plants respond to light and temperature will allow us to fine-tune crop density in a specific way that leads to the best yields.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Arabidopsis<\/a>
Arabidopsis thaliana<\/em> cells (top) and seedlings (bottom) in different light and temperature conditions. The seedlings pictured on the far right show accelerated growth in response to shade and warm temperatures.
Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.
Credit: Salk Institute courtesy of Nature Communications<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

During sprouting, seedlings rapidly elongate their stems to break through the covering soil to capture sunlight as fast as possible. Normally, the stem slows down its growth after exposure to sunlight. But the stem can lengthen rapidly again if the plant is competing with surrounding plants for sunlight, or in response to warm temperatures to increase distance between the hot ground and the plant\u2019s leaves. While both environmental conditions\u2014canopy shade and warm temperatures\u2014induce stem growth, they also reduce yield.<\/p>\n

In this study, the scientists compared plants growing in canopy shade and warm temperatures at the same time\u2014a condition that mimics high crop density and climate change. The scientists used the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, <\/em>as well as tomato and a close relative of tobacco, because they were interested to see if all three plant species were affected similarly by this environmental condition.<\/p>\n

Across all three species, the team found that the plants grew extremely tall when simultaneously trying to avoid the shade created by neighboring plants and being exposed to warmer temperatures. On a molecular level, the researchers discovered that transcription factor PIF7, a protein that helps turn genes \u201con\u201d and \u201coff,\u201d was the dominant player driving the increased rapid growth. They also found that the growth hormone auxin increased when the crops detected neighboring plants, which fostered growth in response to simultaneous warmer temperatures. This synergistic PIF7-auxin pathway allowed the plants to respond to their environments and adapt to seek the best growing conditions.<\/p>\n

A related transcription factor, PIF4, also stimulated stem elongation during warm temperatures. However, when shade and increased temperatures were combined, this factor no longer played an important role.<\/p>\n

\"Yogev<\/a>
From left: Yogev Burko and Joanne Chory
Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.
Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cWe were surprised to find that PIF4 did not play a major role because prior studies have shown the importance of this factor in related growth situations,\u201d says first author Yogev Burko, a Salk staff researcher and assistant professor at the Agriculture Research Organization at the Volcani Institute in Israel. \u201cThe fact that PIF7 is the dominant driving force behind this plant growth was a real surprise. With this new knowledge, we hope to fine-tune this growth response in different crop plants to help them adapt to climate change.\u201d<\/p>\n

The researchers believe that there is another player, yet to be discovered, that is boosting the effect of PIF7 and auxin. They hope to explore this unknown factor in future studies. Burko\u2019s lab will also be studying how this pathway can be optimized in crop plants.<\/p>\n

\u201cGlobal temperatures are increasing, so we need food crops that can thrive in these new conditions,\u201d says Chory, who co-directs Salk\u2019s Harnessing Plants Initiative and holds the Howard H. and Maryam R. Newman Chair in Plant Biology. \u201cWe\u2019ve identified key factors that regulate plant growth during warm temperatures, which will help us to develop better-performing crops to feed future generations.\u201d<\/p>\n

Other authors included Bj\u00f6rn Christopher Willige and Adam Seluzicki of Salk; Ond\u0159ej Nov\u00e1k of Palacky\u0301 University and Institute of Experimental Botany at The Czech Academy of Sciences; and Karin Ljung of the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.<\/p>\n

The work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (5R35GM122604-05_05), Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation (KAW 2016.0341 and KAW 2016.0352), Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA 2016-00504), EMBO Fellowships (ALTF 785-2013 and ALTF 1514-2012), BARD (FI-488-13), Human Frontier Science Program (LT000222\/2013-L) and Salk\u2019s Pioneer Postdoctoral Endowment Fund.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":35815,"template":"","faculty":[83],"disease-research":[450,125,451,452],"class_list":["post-35785","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-joanne-chory","disease-research-climate-change","disease-research-plant-biology","disease-research-plant-genomics","disease-research-plant-physiology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nHow light and temperature work together to affect plant growth - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/how-light-and-temperature-work-together-to-affect-plant-growth\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How light and temperature work together to affect plant growth - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014Plants lengthen and bend to secure access to sunlight. 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