{"id":28952,"date":"2020-12-10T00:00:19","date_gmt":"2020-12-10T08:00:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&p=28952"},"modified":"2024-01-30T14:38:32","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T22:38:32","slug":"when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5728\u611f\u89c9\u75bc\u75db\u3001\u89e6\u6478\u6216\u7619\u75d2\u65f6\uff0c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5f88\u91cd\u8981"},"content":{"rendered":"

LA JOLLA\u2014When you touch a hot stove, your hand reflexively pulls away; if you miss a rung on a ladder, you instinctively catch yourself. Both motions take a fraction of a second and require no forethought. Now, researchers at the Salk Institute have mapped the physical organization of cells in the spinal cord that help mediate these and similar critical \u201csensorimotor reflexes.\u201d<\/p>\n

The new blueprint of this aspect of the sensorimotor system, described online in Neuron<\/em><\/a> on November 11, 2020, could lead to a better understanding of how it develops and can go awry in conditions such as chronic itch or pain.<\/p>\n

\"interneurons
The researchers studied the organization of interneurons in the spinal cord, like those shown here.<\/p>\n

Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.<\/p>\n

Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cThere\u2019s been a lot of research done at the periphery of this system, looking at how cells in the skin and muscles generate signals, but we didn\u2019t know how that sensory information is trafficked and interpreted once it reaches the spinal cord,\u201d says Martyn Goulding<\/a>, a professor in Salk\u2019s Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory and holder of the Frederick W. and Joanna J. Mitchell Chair. \u201cThis new work gives us a fundamental understanding of the architecture of our sensorimotor system.\u201d<\/p>\n

Reflexive behaviors\u2014seen even in newborn babies\u2014are considered some of the simplest building blocks for movement. But reflexes must quickly translate information from sensory neurons that detect touch, heat and painful stimuli to motor neurons, which cause the muscles to take action. For most reflexes, the connections between the sensory neurons and motor neurons are mediated by interneurons in the spinal cord, which serve as sort of \u201cmiddlemen,\u201d thereby saving time by bypassing the brain. How these middlemen are organized to encode reflexive actions is poorly understood.<\/p>\n

Goulding and his colleagues turned to a set of molecular engineering tools they\u2019ve developed over the past decade to examine the organization of these spinal reflexes in mice. First, they mapped which interneurons were active when mice responded reflexively to sensations, like itch, pain or touch. They then probed the function of interneurons by turning them on and off individually and observing how the resulting reflex behaviors were affected.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat we found is that each sensorimotor reflex was defined by neurons in the same physical space,\u201d says postdoctoral researcher Graziana Gatto<\/a>, the first author of the new paper. \u201cDifferent neurons in the same place, even if they had very different molecular signatures, had the same function, while more similar neurons located in different areas of the spinal cord were responsible for different reflexes.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Martyn
From left: Martyn Goulding and Graziana Gatto.<\/p>\n

Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.<\/p>\n

Credit: (L) Yolanda Leenders-Goulding; (R) Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Interneurons in the outermost layer of the spinal cord were responsible for shuttling reflexive messages related to itch between sensory and motor cells. Deeper interneurons relayed messages of pain\u2014causing a mouse to move a foot touched by a pin, for instance. And the deepest set of interneurons helped mice reflexively keep their balance, stabilizing their body to prevent falling. But within each spatial area, neurons had varying molecular properties and identities.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese reflexive behaviors have to be very robust for survival,\u201d says Goulding. \u201cSo, having different classes of interneurons in each area that contribute to a particular reflex builds redundancy into the system.\u201d<\/p>\n

By demonstrating that the location of each interneuron type within the spinal cord matters more than the cell\u2019s developmental origin or genetic identity, the team tested and confirmed an existing theory about how these reflex systems are organized.<\/p>\n

Now that they know the physical architecture of the interneuron circuits that make up these different reflex pathways, the researchers are planning future studies to reveal how messages are conveyed and how the neurons within each space interact with each other. This knowledge is now being used to probe how pathological changes in the somatosensory system result in chronic itch or pain. In an accompanying paper<\/a>, Gatto and Goulding collaborated with Rebecca Seal of the University of Pittsburgh to map the organization of neurons that generate different forms of chronic pain.<\/p>\n

Other authors included Steeve Bourane, Xiangyu Ren, Stefania Di Constanzo and Peter Fenton of the Salk Institute; and Priyabrata Halder and Rebecca Seal of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.<\/p>\n

The work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, EMBO, the H. A. and Mary K. Chapman Charitable Trust and the David Scaife Foundation.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":28955,"template":"","faculty":[75],"disease-research":[124,465,464],"class_list":["post-28952","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-martyn-goulding","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders","disease-research-pain","disease-research-perception"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhen it comes to feeling pain, touch or an itch, location matters - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"When it comes to feeling pain, touch or an itch, location matters - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014When you touch a hot stove, your hand reflexively pulls away; if you miss a rung on a ladder, you instinctively catch yourself. Both motions take a fraction of a second and require no forethought. Now, researchers at the Salk Institute have mapped the physical organization of cells in the spinal cord that help mediate these and similar critical \u201csensorimotor reflexes.\u201d\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-01-30T22:38:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/interneurons-in-the-spinal-cord-767.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"767\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"767\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\\\/\",\"name\":\"When it comes to feeling pain, touch or an itch, location matters - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/12\\\/interneurons-in-the-spinal-cord-767.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-12-10T08:00:19+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-30T22:38:32+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/12\\\/interneurons-in-the-spinal-cord-767.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2020\\\/12\\\/interneurons-in-the-spinal-cord-767.jpg\",\"width\":767,\"height\":767},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"When it comes to feeling pain, touch or an itch, location matters\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/\",\"name\":\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\",\"description\":\"The Power of Science\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/03\\\/salk_logo_696.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/03\\\/salk_logo_696.jpg\",\"width\":696,\"height\":696,\"caption\":\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"When it comes to feeling pain, touch or an itch, location matters - Salk Institute for Biological Studies","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/","og_locale":"zh_CN","og_type":"article","og_title":"When it comes to feeling pain, touch or an itch, location matters - Salk Institute for Biological Studies","og_description":"LA JOLLA\u2014When you touch a hot stove, your hand reflexively pulls away; if you miss a rung on a ladder, you instinctively catch yourself. Both motions take a fraction of a second and require no forethought. Now, researchers at the Salk Institute have mapped the physical organization of cells in the spinal cord that help mediate these and similar critical \u201csensorimotor reflexes.\u201d","og_url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/","og_site_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","article_modified_time":"2024-01-30T22:38:32+00:00","og_image":[{"width":767,"height":767,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/interneurons-in-the-spinal-cord-767.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"4 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/","name":"When it comes to feeling pain, touch or an itch, location matters - Salk Institute for Biological Studies","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/interneurons-in-the-spinal-cord-767.jpg","datePublished":"2020-12-10T08:00:19+00:00","dateModified":"2024-01-30T22:38:32+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"zh-CN","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"zh-CN","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/interneurons-in-the-spinal-cord-767.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/interneurons-in-the-spinal-cord-767.jpg","width":767,"height":767},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-it-comes-to-feeling-pain-touch-or-an-itch-location-matters\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"When it comes to feeling pain, touch or an itch, location matters"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/","name":"\u7d22\u5c14\u514b\u751f\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u6240","description":"The Power of Science","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"zh-CN"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#organization","name":"\u7d22\u5c14\u514b\u751f\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u6240","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"zh-CN","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"http:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/salk_logo_696.jpg","contentUrl":"http:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/salk_logo_696.jpg","width":696,"height":696,"caption":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"ACF":{"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/interneurons-in-the-spinal-cord-header.jpg","line_1":"When it comes to feeling pain, touch or an itch, location matters","line_2":"Salk research is the first to outline where different cells associated with triggering sensorimotor reflexes are located in the spinal cord","poster_quote":"","paper_url":"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/neuron\/fulltext\/S0896-6273(20)30771-6","journal_title":"Neuron","paper_author_list":"Graziana Gatto, Steeve Bourane, Xiangyu Ren, Stefania Di Costanzo, Peter K. Fenton, Priyabrata Halder, Rebecca P. Seal and Martyn D. Goulding","doi":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.10.003","paper_title":"A Functional Topographic Map for Spinal Sensorimotor Reflexes","subhead":"Salk research is the first to outline where different cells associated with triggering sensorimotor reflexes are located in the spinal cord","home_photo":"","listing_photo":"","legacy_boilerplate":[],"hide_boilerplate":[],"disable_date":false,"listing_excerpt":"","descriptive_blurb":"","has_journal_cover":false,"og_image_override":false,"gallery":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disclosure\/28952","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disclosure"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/disclosure"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disclosure\/28952\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":28970,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disclosure\/28952\/revisions\/28970"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/28955"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=28952"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"faculty","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/faculty?post=28952"},{"taxonomy":"disease-research","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disease-research?post=28952"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}