{"id":2539,"date":"2015-05-11T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2015-05-11T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/news-release\/brain-cells-capable-of-early-career-switch\/"},"modified":"2015-10-28T11:35:57","modified_gmt":"2015-10-28T18:35:57","slug":"brain-cells-capable-of-early-career-switch","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/brain-cells-capable-of-early-career-switch\/","title":{"rendered":"Brain cells capable of &#8220;early-career&#8221; switch"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\nLA JOLLA\u2013Scientists at the Salk Institute have discovered that the role of neurons\u2013which are responsible for specific tasks in the brain\u2013is much more flexible than previously believed.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nBy studying sensory neurons in mice, the Salk team found that malfunction of a single molecule can prompt the neuron to make an \u201cearly-career\u201d switch, changing a neuron originally destined to process sound or touch, for example, to instead process <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/ra\/vision.html\/\">vision<\/a>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nThe finding, reported May 11, 2015 in <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/early\/2015\/05\/12\/1424440112\" target=\"_blank\">PNAS<\/a><\/em>, will help neuroscientists better understand how brain architecture is molecularly encoded and how it can become miswired. It may also point to ways to prevent or treat human disorders (such as autism) that feature substantial brain structure abnormalities.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u201cWe found an unexpected mechanism that provides surprising brain plasticity in maturing sensory neurons,\u201d says the study\u2019s first author, Andreas Zembrzycki, a senior research associate at the Salk Institute.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nThe mechanism, a transcription factor called Lhx2 that was inactivated in neurons, can be used to switch genes on or off to change the function of a sensory neuron in mice. It has been known that Lhx2 is present in many cell types other than in the brain and is needed by a developing fetus to build body parts. Without Lhx2, animals typically die in utero. However, it was not well known that Lhx2 also affects cells after birth.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u201cThis process happens while the neuron matures and no longer divides. We did not understand before this study that relatively mature neurons could be reprogrammed in this way,\u201d says senior author <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/faculty\/o'leary.html\/\" target=\"_blank\">Dennis O\u2019Leary<\/a>, Salk professor and holder of the Vincent J. Coates Chair in Molecular Neurobiology. \u201cThis finding opens up a new understanding about how brain architecture is established and a potential therapeutic approach to altering that blueprint.\u201d\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"gallery\">\n    <div class=\"stage -slow\">\n        <div class=\"spinner\"><\/div>\n        <figure>\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-responsive\" src=\"#\" alt=\"\" \/>\n        <\/figure>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"row\">\n        <div class=\"col-sm-12 entries\">\n                        <div class=\"entry\">\n                <figure class=\"left\">\n                    <img class=\"img-responsive\" data-lg=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/2084-image-1.jpg\" data-caption=\"Neighboring neurons in the area of the brain known as the thalamus are shown making connections to the visual cortex (red) and the somatosensory cortex (green). Visible are the cell bodies (star-like cells in the lower right) and axons (arm-like extensions moving downward). <a target='_blank' href='https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/2084-image-1.jpg'>Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/2084-image-1-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n                <\/figure>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"entry\">\n                <figure class=\"left\">\n                    <img class=\"img-responsive\" data-lg=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/2084-image-2.jpg\" data-caption=\"In the neocortex, neighboring cells are shown making connections to the visual cortex (red) and the somatosensory cortex (green). <a target='_blank' href='https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/2084-image-2.jpg'>Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/2084-image-2-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n                <\/figure>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"entry\">\n                <figure class=\"left\">\n                    <img class=\"img-responsive\" data-lg=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/2084-image-3.jpg\" data-caption=\"In this developing mouse brain, green staining at the top indicates neurons; red staining at the bottom reveals cortical stem cells; and orange\/yellow staining in the middle shows neurons that are transitioning from stem cells to neurons. <a target='_blank' href='https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/2084-image-3.jpg'>Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/2084-image-3-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n                <\/figure>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"entry\">\n                <figure class=\"left\">\n                    <img class=\"img-responsive\" data-lg=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/2084-image-4.jpg\" data-caption=\"An embryonic mouse forebrain shows the genetically modified neurons in the neocortex (orange\/yellow). Cortical stem cells and neurons in other brain regions remain unaltered. <a target='_blank' href='https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/2084-image-4.jpg'>Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/2084-image-4-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n                <\/figure>\n            <\/div>\n                        <div class=\"entry\">\n                <figure class=\"left\">\n                    <img class=\"img-responsive\" data-lg=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/2084-image-5.jpg\" data-caption=\"In this section of the mouse brain, single cell bodies in the thalamus (center: red and green cells) were labeled by adding dyes into different neocortical (top: green, red, and yellow) regions. <a target='_blank' href='https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/2084-image-5.jpg'>Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/2084-image-5-150x150.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/>\n                <\/figure>\n            <\/div>\n                    <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>\nScientists had believed that programming neurons was a one-step process. They thought that the stem cells that generate the neurons also programmed their functions once they matured. While this is true, the Salk team found that another step is needed: the Lhx2 transcription factor in mature neurons then ultimately controls the fate of the neuron.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nIn the mouse study, the scientists manipulated Lhx2 to make the switch in neuronal fate shortly after birth (when the mouse neurons are fully formed and considered mature). The team observed that controlling Lhx2 let them instruct neurons situated in one sensory area to process a different sense, thus enlarging one region at the expense of the other. The scientists don\u2019t know yet if targeting Lhx2 would allow neurons to change their function throughout an organism\u2019s life.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u201cThis study provides proof that the brain is very plastic and that it responds to both genetic and epigenetic influences well after birth,\u201d says O\u2019Leary. \u201cClinical applications for brain disorders are a long way away, but we now have a new way to think about them.\u201d\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u201cSince this study was conducted in mice, we don\u2019t know the time frame in which Lhx2 would be operating in humans, but we know that post-birth, neurons in a baby\u2019s brain still have not settled into their final position\u2013they are still being wired up. That could take years,\u201d Zembrzycki says.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nHowever, the findings may be an ingredient that contributes to the success of early intervention in some very young children diagnosed with autism, adds Zembrzycki. \u201cThe brain\u2019s wiring is determined genetically as well as influenced epigenetically by environmental influences and early intervention preventing brain miswiring may be an example of converging genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that are controlled by Lhx2.\u201d\n<\/p>\n<p>\nAuthors of the work are Andreas Zembrzycki, Carlos G. Perez-Garcia, and Dennis D. M. O\u2019Leary, all of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies; and Chia-Fang Wang and Shen-Ju Chou, of the <a href=\"http:\/\/icob.sinica.edu.tw\/index_en.php\" target=\"_blank\">Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica<\/a>, in Taiwan.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nThe work was funded by the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nih.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\">National Institutes of Health<\/a> and a grant from the National Science Council, Taiwan.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n<strong>About the Salk Institute for Biological Studies:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Salk Institute for Biological Studies is one of the world&#8217;s preeminent basic research institutions, where internationally renowned faculty probes fundamental life science questions in a unique, collaborative and creative environment. Focused both on discovery and on mentoring future generations of researchers, Salk scientists make groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of cancer, aging, Alzheimer&#8217;s, diabetes and infectious diseases by studying neuroscience, genetics, cell and plant biology and related disciplines.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nFaculty achievements have been recognized with numerous honors, including Nobel Prizes and memberships in the National Academy of Sciences. Founded in 1960 by polio vaccine pioneer Jonas Salk, MD, the Institute is an independent nonprofit organization and architectural landmark.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","faculty":[103],"disease-research":[169,124],"class_list":["post-2539","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","hentry","faculty-dennis-oleary","disease-research-autism","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Brain cells capable of &quot;early-career&quot; switch - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/brain-cells-capable-of-early-career-switch\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Brain cells capable of &quot;early-career&quot; switch - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2013Scientists at the Salk Institute have discovered that the role of neurons\u2013which are responsible for specific tasks in the brain\u2013is much more flexible than previously believed.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/brain-cells-capable-of-early-career-switch\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2015-10-28T18:35:57+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"#\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/brain-cells-capable-of-early-career-switch\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/brain-cells-capable-of-early-career-switch\\\/\",\"name\":\"Brain cells capable of \\\"early-career\\\" switch - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2015-05-11T07:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2015-10-28T18:35:57+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/brain-cells-capable-of-early-career-switch\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/brain-cells-capable-of-early-career-switch\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/brain-cells-capable-of-early-career-switch\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Brain cells capable of &#8220;early-career&#8221; 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Perez-Garcia, Chia-Fang Wang, Shen-Ju Chou, Dennis D.M. O\u2019Leary","paper_title":"Postmitotic regulation of sensory area patterning in the mammalian neocortex by Lhx2","subhead":"Salk scientists find a single molecule that controls the fate of mature sensory neurons","home_photo":"2084.jpg","listing_photo":"2084.jpg","gallery":[{"ID":5711,"id":5711,"title":"2084-image-1","filename":"2084-image-1.jpg","filesize":309273,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/2084-image-1.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/brain-cells-capable-of-early-career-switch\/2084-image-1\/","alt":"","author":"91","description":"","caption":"Neighboring neurons in the area of the brain known as the thalamus are shown making connections to the visual cortex (red) and the somatosensory cortex (green). 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