{"id":24601,"date":"2019-10-15T08:46:14","date_gmt":"2019-10-15T15:46:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&#038;p=24601"},"modified":"2019-10-15T10:33:55","modified_gmt":"2019-10-15T17:33:55","slug":"novel-technique-helps-explain-why-bright-light-keeps-us-awake","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/novel-technique-helps-explain-why-bright-light-keeps-us-awake\/","title":{"rendered":"Novel technique helps explain why bright light keeps us awake"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>LA JOLLA\u2014In recent decades, scientists have learned a great deal about how different neurons connect and send signals to each other. But it\u2019s been difficult to trace the activity of individual nerve fibers known as axons, some of which can extend from the tip of the toe to the head. Understanding these connections is important for figuring out how the brain receives and responds to signals from other parts of the body.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers at the Salk Institute and UC San Diego are reporting a novel technique for tracing these connections and determining how neurons communicate. The team used this technique to uncover details about how the brain responds to light signals received by the retina in mice, published October 15, 2019, in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cell.com\/cell-reports\/fulltext\/S2211-1247(19)31183-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Cell Reports<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis study is a breakthrough because no one could figure out how to study these connections before,\u201d says Salk Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/satchidananda-panda\/\">\u8428\u5947\u8fbe\u5357\u8fbe\u00b7\u6f58\u8fbe<\/a>, co-corresponding author of the paper. \u201cThis new technique has enabled us to go well beyond the limitations of electron microscopy.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><div class=\"row\" style=\"\"><div class=\"col-md-12 col-md-push-0\"><div class=\"video-anchor\" id=\"video-wItatTqXB2U\"><\/div><div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\"> <iframe class=\"embed-responsive-item\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wItatTqXB2U?rel=0\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><!-- .embed-responsive --><\/div><!-- .col-md-*size --><\/div><!-- .\/row --><br \/>\n<em>This video combines advanced microscopy images with illustrations to simulate moving through a specific region of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), tracing the paths of IPRGCs among neurons.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>The new method makes use of several different laboratory techniques to understand a type of neuron called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). These cells, which are found in the retina, in the back of the eye, express a protein called melanopsin that senses blue light.<\/p>\n<p>The Salk and UCSD teams used a virus to deliver a protein called a mini-singlet oxygen-generating protein (mini-SOG) to the ipRGCs, so that the cells could be viewed in more detail under election microscopy. The system was designed to tether the mini-SOG to the membranes of the light-sensitive cells so that the entire neuron, including its long axons that reach out to different parts of the brain, can be easily tracked under both light and electron microscope.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThanks to development and application of new genetically introduced probes for correlated multiscale light and electron microscopic imaging, our Salk and UCSD-based research teams were able to follow the small processes\u00a0emanating from nerve cells over centimeters, all the way from the retina to multiple places where they connect to brain regions critical to circadian rhythms, eye reflexes and vision,\u201d says Mark Ellisman, distinguished professor of neurosciences\u00a0at UC San Diego and adjunct professor at Salk, who co-led the work. \u201cWe were able to obtain unprecedented three-dimensional information about the machinery required for these neuronal cells to signal the next neurons in the complex circuits.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Most of the previous work with mini-SOGs has been done in cell lines, and using them in mice, to map how neurons from the retina wire the brain, was a first, according the researchers. The method enabled them to glean new information about the connections between ipRGCs and different parts of the brain.<\/p>\n<p>The ipRGCs are known to connect to many brain regions that regulate very different tasks. The cells tell one part of the brain how bright it is outside so that our pupil can rapidly close\u2014in less than a second. The same ipRGCs also connect to the master clock in the brain that regulates our sleep-wake cycle. \u201cHowever, it takes several minutes of bright light to make us fully awake,\u201d Panda says. \u201cHow the same ipRGCs do these very different tasks with different time scales was not clear until now.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The investigators found that the difference has to do with the way that light detected by the retina reaches the brain. By delivering the mini-SOG to the eyes of the mice, they were able to trace the signal to the part of the brain that constricts the pupil in response to light.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese connections were much stronger\u2014similar to water pouring out of a garden hose,\u201d Panda says. \u201cWhereas the connection between the ipRGCs and the master clocks were weaker\u2014more like drip irrigation.\u201d Because the ipRGCs deliver the light signal to the circadian center through this slower drip system, it takes longer for any meaningful information to reach and reset the brain clock.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis research helps explain why, when you get up in the night to get a drink of water and turn on the light for a few seconds, you\u2019re usually able to go right back to sleep,\u201d Panda says. \u201cBut if you hear a noise outside and end up walking around your house for half an hour with the lights on, it\u2019s much harder. There will be enough light signal reaching the master clock neurons in the brain that ultimately wakes up the rest of the brain.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Panda says that the new technique will be useful for studying other neural connections, as the researchers can essentially use the same viruses to express mini-SOGs in any neuron and ask how different neurons make connections to different appendages.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese findings and methods open new opportunities for brain researchers studying the long-distance wiring of brains in normal and in animal models of human disease,\u201d adds Ellisman.<\/p>\n<p>Other researchers on the paper were Luis Rios, Hiep Le, Yu Hsin Liu, Masatoshi Hirayama, Ludovic Mure, and Megumi Hatori of Salk and Keun-Young Kim, Alex Perez, Se\u0301bastien Phan, Eric Bushong, Thomas Deerinck, Maya Ellisman, Varda Lev-Ram, Suyeon Ju, Sneha Panda, Sanghee Yoon, and Mark Ellisman of the University of California at San Diego.<\/p>\n<p>The research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants EY 016807, P41GM103412, RO1 GM086197, and RO1 NS027177.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","faculty":[105],"disease-research":[],"class_list":["post-24601","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","hentry","faculty-satchidananda-panda"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Novel technique helps explain why bright light keeps us awake - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/novel-technique-helps-explain-why-bright-light-keeps-us-awake\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Novel technique helps explain why bright light keeps us awake - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014In recent decades, scientists have learned a great deal about how different neurons connect and send signals to each other. 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