Ursula Bellugi<\/a>, director of the Laboratory for Cognitive Neuroscience at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies \u2013 the central hub of this unique scientific alliance \u2013 explains, “Understanding the connections between missing genes, the resulting changes in brain structure and function, and ultimately behavior may help us to reveal how the brain works.”<\/p>\nThe current study is just the latest chapter in a story that’s been unfolding for quite some time \u2013 gaining increasing momentum in recent years. It all started when Bellugi reached out across disciplines and assembled a team of experts under the umbrella of a Program Project from the National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development to help her trace the influence of individual genes on the development and functioning of the brain.<\/p>\n
Professor Allan L. Reiss, Director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Sciences Research at Stanford University and senior author of the current study focuses on the overall morphology of the brain, while co-author Albert Galaburda, a professor at the Havard Medical School’s Department of Neurology, zooms in on the cellular architecture of the brain. Molecular geneticist Julie R. Korenberg, a professor in the Department of Pediatrics at UCLA, digs even deeper and studies the genes missing in people with Williams syndrome, whereas Debra Mills, an associate professor in the Department of Psychology at Emory University, concentrates on the neurophysiology, the electrical activity of behaving neural networks. Says Bellugi, who studies the cognitive aspects of the disorder: “Things are really starting to come together now.” <\/p>\n
Identified more than 40 years ago, Williams syndrome arises from a faulty recombination event during the development of sperm or egg cells. As a result, almost invariably the same set of about 20 genes is deleted from one copy of chromosome seven, catapulting the carrier of the deletion into a world where people make much more sense than objects do. <\/p>\n
“Williams syndrome is a perfect example where a genetic predisposition interacts with the environment to sculpt the brain in unique ways,” says Reiss. “It provides a unique window of understanding on how the brain develops under typical and atypical conditions,” he adds.<\/p>\n
“And what an elephant is, it is one of the animals. And what the elephant does, it lives in the jungle. It can also live in the zoo. And what it has, it has long gray ears, fan ears, ears that can blow in the wind. It has a long trunk that can pick up grass, or pick up hay\u2026 If they are in a bad mood it can be terrible\u2026If the elephant gets mad it could stomp; it could charge. Sometimes elephants can charge. They have big long tusks. They can damage a car\u2026 It could be dangerous. When they’re in a pinch, when they’re in a bad mood it can be terrible. You don’t want an elephant as a pet. You want a cat or a dog or a bird\u2026”<\/p>\n
People with Williams syndrome are irresistibly drawn to strangers, remember names and faces with ease, show strong empathy and have fluent and exceptionally expressive language. Yet, they are confounded by the visual world around them: While they can’t scribble more than a few rudimentary lines to illustrate an elephant, they can verbally describe one in almost poetic detail.<\/p>\n
“The discrepancy between their engaging social use of language and their poor visual-spatial skills is startling,” says Bellugi. “I am confident that once all the evidence is in, we will have identified genes and pathways in the Williams syndrome deletion that underlie these drastic differences in modalities,” she adds.<\/p>\n
Despite whole brain volumes that are about 15 percent smaller than normal, the temporal lobe, which lies above the ear canal and, among other things, is involved in processing sounds and interpreting music and language, is of approximately normal volume in people with Williams syndrome. In their study, the researchers tried to answer the question of whether an atypical development of the planum temporale, which is part of the temporal lobe and thought to be involved many auditory tasks, including perfect pitch, may underlie the unusual musical and language skills. <\/p>\n
First author Mark Eckert, an assistant professor at the Medical University of South Carolina, and colleagues used data from brain scans of 42 individuals with Williams syndrome and 40 control participants to compare the surface folds of the planum temporale. In most people, the structure, a slender inch-long piece of tissue, is larger on the left side of the brain than the right. <\/p>\n
In people with Williams syndrome, however, both sides tended toward symmetry. “There are different possible explanations: Either the left side didn’t grow enough or the right side grew larger than usual,” says Galaburda. The folding pattern, in particular one groove called the Sylvian fissure, pointed to an increase size of the right planum temporale. <\/p>\n
But size alone might not explain the unusual auditory strengths of people with Williams syndrome. A more general explanation includes variations in the connectivity of certain brain regions that might contribute to the specific strengths and weaknesses in Williams syndrome.<\/p>\n
In recent studies, Galaburda had found that cells in the primary visual cortex of carriers of the Williams deletion are smaller and more densely packed \u2013 allowing for fewer connections between cells. Neurons in the primary auditory cortex, on the other hand, were larger and loosely packed, denoting increased “connectedness.”<\/p>\n
“These differences in cell size and density may underlie the strengths in auditory phonology, language and possibly music, and the difficulties in visual spatial construction for primary visual areas,” says Bellugi, adding, “This is really just part of the overall effect of the gene deletion on brain development.”<\/p>\n
“Relatively subtle developmental defects can have a significant impact on neurological function,” says Dennis O’Leary, Ph.D., a professor in the Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory at the Salk Institute, who studies the development of the cortex and sensory systems. “This exciting work opens the door to develop explanations of how gene networks operating in the developing and mature brain determine who we are and how effectively we behave and perform,” he adds.<\/p>\n
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, is an independent nonprofit organization dedicated to fundamental discoveries in the life sciences, the improvement of human health and the training of future generations of researchers. Jonas Salk, M.D., whose polio vaccine all but eradicated the crippling disease poliomyelitis in 1955, opened the Institute in 1965 with a gift of land from the City of San Diego and the financial support of the March of Dimes.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","faculty":[87],"disease-research":[],"class_list":["post-1922","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","hentry","faculty-ursula-bellugi"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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<\/p>\n