{"id":1864,"date":"2006-04-20T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2006-04-20T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/news-release\/salk-research-challenges-concept-that-motion-perception-is-all-black-and-white\/"},"modified":"2023-12-11T12:16:36","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T20:16:36","slug":"salk-research-challenges-concept-that-motion-perception-is-all-black-and-white","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/salk-research-challenges-concept-that-motion-perception-is-all-black-and-white\/","title":{"rendered":"Salk research  challenges concept that motion perception is all black and white"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>La Jolla,   CA  \u2013 Researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies  have discovered a neural circuit that is likely to play an important role in  the visual perception of moving objects. Their finding, published in the April  issue of the journal <em>Neuron<\/em>, forces  neurobiologists to rethink the neural pathways that our brain relies on to  detect motion. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>It had long been assumed that sensory information about  color and fine detail is relatively unimportant for the perception of moving  objects. Mainly, because the neural pathways in the brain carrying color and  fine detail information seemed to be completely separate from areas of the brain  previously associated with motion processing. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>In an elegant  anatomical study, co-lead authors Jonathan J. Nassi and David C. Lyon, working  in Ed Callaway's lab, now show that a neural pathway carrying color and fine  detail does connect to the motion processing areas of the cortex (the outer  layer of the brain), and this information most likely helps the brain detect  moving objects.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>\"There are many different kinds of cues in the visual  environment that can be used to detect motion  \u2013  basically anything that is  moving,\" says <a href=\"\/zh\/faculty\/callaway.html\/\">Edward M. Callaway<\/a>, Ph.D., senior author of the study and a  professor in the Systems Neurobiology Laboratory. \"We asked the question, \u2018Is  motion processing taking advantage of the full range of possible cues?' \"<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>This study demonstrates, for the first time, that it is.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Our eyes take in the visual environment and break the  incoming images down into three main components: color, position, and brightness.  These pieces of information are channeled from the eye to the brain along  separate, specialized pathways. The parvocellular (P) pathway carries information  about color and fine spatial detail. The magnocellular (M) pathway, on the  other hand, is colorblind and has poor spatial resolution; instead, it is  sensitive to low contrast and rapid changes. The visual cortex uses the  information from these pathways to compute further details about motion, shape,  and color.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Until now, it was thought that only the M pathway connected  to the cortical motion processing area called MT. This is because the M and P  pathways remain separate as they extend through the brain to the primary visual  cortex (V1). And the cells in V1 that  provide input to MT appeared to receive input from only the M pathway. The new  results show that these cells also receive input from the P pathway.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Callaway and his colleagues used a system based on the rabies  virus, whose unique infectious properties allowed them to trace neural circuits  in reverse, from MT back to the distinct M and P cells that connect to V1. This  technique, known as trans-synaptic tracing, showed that the M and P pathways  merge <em>before<\/em> they enter the MT area,  on a specialized population of neurons in an area of V1 known as layer 6. These  layer 6 neurons, in turn, connect directly with neurons in the MT region,  carrying the merged M and P signal onward for further processing. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>As graduate student and co-first author Nassi put it, \"We  are really pioneering the use of trans-synaptic viral tracing to study the  visual system. Already, with our first study and experiments, we're having to  rethink how the visual system is wired-up.\" <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Part of the reason why scientists had overlooked this  circuit was because the M pathway is known to be more sensitive to rapid  changes. Historically, according to Callaway, \"people tended to think about  detection of fast motion changes. But we also need to detect the motion of  things that are moving more slowly. The addition of the P pathway to the motion  system helps us to see movement of things to which the M pathway is blind.\" <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>An example where the P pathway would be important for motion  detection is a colored, slowly moving lizard camouflaged against a background  of sand. While the M pathway would be blind to the lizard, the P pathway would  detect its color, fine detail and slow movement. <\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>The Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla,  California is an independent nonprofit organization dedicated to fundamental  discoveries in the life sciences, the improvement of human health, and the  training of future generations of researchers. Jonas Salk, M.D., whose polio  vaccine all but eradicated the crippling disease poliomyelitis in 1955, opened  the Institute in 1965 with a gift of land from the City of San Diego and the  financial support of the March of Dimes.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","faculty":[84],"disease-research":[464],"class_list":["post-1864","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","hentry","faculty-edward-callaway","disease-research-perception"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Salk research challenges concept that motion perception is all black and white - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/salk-research-challenges-concept-that-motion-perception-is-all-black-and-white\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Salk research challenges concept that motion perception is all black and white - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La Jolla,  CA \u2013 Researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies have discovered a neural circuit that is likely to play an important role in the visual perception of moving objects. 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