{"id":14420,"date":"2017-08-10T00:00:52","date_gmt":"2017-08-10T07:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&#038;p=14420"},"modified":"2024-01-30T15:30:24","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T23:30:24","slug":"new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/","title":{"rendered":"New kinds of brain cells revealed"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>LA JOLLA\u2014Under a microscope, it can be hard to tell the difference between any two neurons, the brain cells that store and process information. So scientists have turned to molecular methods to try to identify groups of neurons with different functions.<\/p>\n<div class=\"row\" style=\"\"><div class=\"col-md-10 col-md-push-1\"><div class=\"video-anchor\" id=\"video-FOPGLsTSp_0\"><\/div><div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\"> <iframe class=\"embed-responsive-item\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/FOPGLsTSp_0?rel=0\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><!-- .embed-responsive --><\/div><!-- .col-md-*size --><\/div><!-- .\/row -->\n<p>Now, Salk Institute and <a href=\"https:\/\/ucsd.edu\/\">University of California San Diego<\/a> scientists have, for the first time, profiled chemical modifications of DNA molecules in individual neurons, giving the most detailed information yet on what makes one brain cell different from its neighbor. This is a critical step in beginning to identify how many types of neurons exist, which has eluded neuroscientists but could lead to a dramatically better understanding about brain development and dysfunction. Each cell\u2019s methylome\u2014the pattern of chemical markers made up of methyl groups that stud its DNA\u2014gave a distinct readout that helped the Salk team sort neurons into subtypes. The work appears in the journal <em><a href=\"http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/357\/6351\/600\">\u79d1\u5b66<\/a>\u00a0<\/em>on August 10, 2017.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14424\"  class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"229\" height=\"300\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-14424 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2-229x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2-768x1006.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2-782x1024.jpg 782w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2-147x192.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2-300x393.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2-458x600.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2-585x766.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2-553x724.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2-750x982.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2-945x1237.jpg 945w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 229px) 100vw, 229px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Looking beyond shape: the DNA methylome reveals neuronal identity. Human cortical neuron types are identified by their cytosine methylation signatures. Each type of human neuron has a distinct cytosine methylation profile. Luo et al. used a newly developed single-cell methylome sequencing method to survey both mouse and human cortical neuron diversity (colored dots in distinct clusters), extending the legendary studies of neuronal morphology (background image) by Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal (1852\u20131934). <\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Cover-design2.jpg\">Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image. <\/p>\n<p> Credit: Salk Institute\/Jamie Simon<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cWe think it\u2019s pretty striking that we can tease apart a brain into individual cells, sequence their methylomes, and identify many new cell types along with their gene regulatory elements, the genetic switches that make these neurons distinct from each other,\u201d\u00a0says co-senior author <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/joseph-ecker\/\">\u7ea6\u745f\u592b\u00b7\u57c3\u514b\u5c14<\/a>, professor and director of Salk&#8217;s Genomic Analysis Laboratory and an investigator of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hhmi.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Howard Hughes Medical Institute<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In the past, to identify what sets different types of neurons apart from each other, researchers have studied levels of RNA molecules inside individual brain cells. But levels of RNA can rapidly change when a cell is exposed to new conditions, or even throughout the day. So the Salk team turned instead to the cells\u2019 methylomes, which are generally stable throughout adulthood.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur research shows that we can clearly define neuronal types based on their methylomes,\u201d says <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/margaritabehrens\/\">Margarita Behrens<\/a>, a Salk senior staff-scientist and co-senior author of the new paper. \u201cThis opens up the possibility of understanding what makes two neurons\u2014that sit in the same brain region and otherwise look similar\u2014behave differently.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14425\"  class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"214\" height=\"300\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-14425 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-214x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-214x300.jpg 214w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-768x1078.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-729x1024.jpg 729w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-147x206.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-300x421.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-458x643.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-585x821.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-553x776.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-750x1053.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-945x1327.jpg 945w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 214px) 100vw, 214px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Salk and UC San Diego scientists identified neuron types predicted by epigenomic signatures. The image shows neuron populations expressing marker genes for specific neuron subtypes: Tle4 (red), Sulf1 (green) or both (yellow). <\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy.jpg\">Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image. <\/p>\n<p> Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The team began their work on both mouse and human brains by focusing on the frontal cortex, the area of the brain responsible for complex thinking, personality, social behaviors and decision making, among other things. They isolated 3,377 neurons from the frontal cortex of mice and 2,784 neurons from the frontal cortex of a deceased 25-year-old human.<\/p>\n<p>The researchers then used a new method they recently developed called snmC-seq to sequence the methylomes of each cell. Unlike other cells in the body, neurons have two types of methylation, so the approach mapped both types\u2014called CG methylation (for DNA sequence containing the nucleotides cytosine and guanine) and non-CG methylation.<\/p>\n<p>Neurons from the mouse frontal cortex, they found, clustered into 16 subtypes based on methylation patterns, while neurons from the human frontal cortex were more diverse and formed 21 subtypes. Inhibitory neurons\u2014those that provide stop signals for messages in the brain\u2014showed more conserved methylation patterns between mice and humans compared to excitatory neurons. The study also identified unique human neuron subtypes that had never been defined before. These results open the door to a deeper understanding of what sets human brains apart from those of other animals.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThis study opens a new window into the incredible diversity of brain cells,\u201d says Eran Mukamel of the UC San Diego Department of Cognitive Science, a co-senior author of the work.<\/p>\n<p>Next, the researchers plan to expand their methylome study to look at more parts of the brain, and more brains.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14426\"  class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"305\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-14426 size-col-md-5\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chongyuan-Luo_Margarita-Behrens_Joe-Ecker_Christopher-Keown_Eran-Mukamel_MG_9032-458x305.jpg\" alt=\"From left: Chongyuan Luo, Margarita Behrens, Joseph Ecker, Christopher Keown, Eran Mukamel\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chongyuan-Luo_Margarita-Behrens_Joe-Ecker_Christopher-Keown_Eran-Mukamel_MG_9032-458x305.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chongyuan-Luo_Margarita-Behrens_Joe-Ecker_Christopher-Keown_Eran-Mukamel_MG_9032-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chongyuan-Luo_Margarita-Behrens_Joe-Ecker_Christopher-Keown_Eran-Mukamel_MG_9032-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chongyuan-Luo_Margarita-Behrens_Joe-Ecker_Christopher-Keown_Eran-Mukamel_MG_9032-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chongyuan-Luo_Margarita-Behrens_Joe-Ecker_Christopher-Keown_Eran-Mukamel_MG_9032-147x98.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chongyuan-Luo_Margarita-Behrens_Joe-Ecker_Christopher-Keown_Eran-Mukamel_MG_9032-585x390.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chongyuan-Luo_Margarita-Behrens_Joe-Ecker_Christopher-Keown_Eran-Mukamel_MG_9032-553x369.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chongyuan-Luo_Margarita-Behrens_Joe-Ecker_Christopher-Keown_Eran-Mukamel_MG_9032-750x500.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chongyuan-Luo_Margarita-Behrens_Joe-Ecker_Christopher-Keown_Eran-Mukamel_MG_9032-945x630.jpg 945w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left: Chongyuan Luo, Margarita Behrens, Joseph Ecker, Christopher Keown, Eran Mukamel.<\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Chongyuan-Luo_Margarita-Behrens_Joe-Ecker_Christopher-Keown_Eran-Mukamel_MG_9032.jpg\">Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.<\/p>\n<p> Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cThere are hundreds, if not thousands, of types of brain cells that have different functions and behaviors and it\u2019s important to know what all these types are to understand how the brain works,\u201d says Chongyuan Luo, a Salk research associate and co-first author of the new paper, along with UC San Diego graduate student Christopher Keown. \u201cOur goal is to create a parts list of both mouse and human brains.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Once that \u201cparts list\u201d is complete, Ecker says they\u2019d also like to begin studying whether the methylomes of neurons in people with brain diseases are different than those from healthy people. \u201cIf there\u2019s a defect in just one percent of cells, we should be able to see it with this method,\u201d he says. \u201cUntil now, we would have had no chance of picking something up in that small a percentage of cells.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Other researchers on the study were Jingtian Zhou, Yupeng He, Rosa Castanon, Jacinta Lucero, Joseph Nery, Justin Sandoval, Brian Bui, and Terrence Sejnowski of the Salk Institute; Junhao Li of UC San Diego; and Laurie Kurihara and Timothy Harkins of <a href=\"https:\/\/swiftbiosci.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Swift Biosciences Inc.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The work and the researchers involved were supported by grants from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.braininitiative.nih.gov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">NIH BRAIN Initiative<\/a>, the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hhmi.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Howard Hughes Medical Institute<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">National Institutes of Health<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":14475,"template":"","faculty":[42],"disease-research":[124],"class_list":["post-14420","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-joseph-ecker","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>New kinds of brain cells revealed - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New kinds of brain cells revealed - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014Under a microscope, it can be hard to tell the difference between any two neurons, the brain cells that store and process information. So scientists have turned to molecular methods to try to identify groups of neurons with different functions.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-01-30T23:30:24+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopyaug2017-phone.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"860\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"860\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\\\/\",\"name\":\"New kinds of brain cells revealed - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopyaug2017-phone.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2017-08-10T07:00:52+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-30T23:30:24+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopyaug2017-phone.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2017\\\/08\\\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopyaug2017-phone.jpg\",\"width\":860,\"height\":860},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"New kinds of brain cells revealed\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/\",\"name\":\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\",\"description\":\"The Power of Science\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"zh-CN\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/03\\\/salk_logo_696.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/03\\\/salk_logo_696.jpg\",\"width\":696,\"height\":696,\"caption\":\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"New kinds of brain cells revealed - Salk Institute for Biological Studies","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/","og_locale":"zh_CN","og_type":"article","og_title":"New kinds of brain cells revealed - Salk Institute for Biological Studies","og_description":"LA JOLLA\u2014Under a microscope, it can be hard to tell the difference between any two neurons, the brain cells that store and process information. So scientists have turned to molecular methods to try to identify groups of neurons with different functions.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/","og_site_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","article_modified_time":"2024-01-30T23:30:24+00:00","og_image":[{"width":860,"height":860,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopyaug2017-phone.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/","name":"New kinds of brain cells revealed - Salk Institute for Biological Studies","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopyaug2017-phone.jpg","datePublished":"2017-08-10T07:00:52+00:00","dateModified":"2024-01-30T23:30:24+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"zh-CN","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"zh-CN","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopyaug2017-phone.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopyaug2017-phone.jpg","width":860,"height":860},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/new-kinds-brain-cells-revealed\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"New kinds of brain cells revealed"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/","name":"\u7d22\u5c14\u514b\u751f\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u6240","description":"The Power of Science","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"zh-CN"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#organization","name":"\u7d22\u5c14\u514b\u751f\u7269\u7814\u7a76\u6240","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"zh-CN","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"http:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/salk_logo_696.jpg","contentUrl":"http:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/salk_logo_696.jpg","width":696,"height":696,"caption":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"ACF":{"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/08\/Ecker-in-situ-cortex-microscopy-header-1.jpg","line_1":"New kinds of brain cells revealed","line_2":"Salk and UC San Diego scientists analyzed methylation patterns of neurons to find new subtypes","gallery":false,"paper_url":"http:\/\/science.sciencemag.org\/content\/357\/6351\/600","journal_title":"Science","paper_author_list":"Chongyuan Luo, Christopher L. Keown, Laurie Kurihara, Jingtian Zhou, Yupeng He, Junhao Li, Rosa Castanon, Jacinta Lucero, Joseph R. Nery, Justin P. Sandoval, Brian Bui, Terrence J. Sejnowski, Timothy T. Harkins, Eran A. Mukamel, M. Margarita Behrens, Joseph R. Ecker","paper_title":"Single Cell Methylomes Identify Neuronal Subtypes and Regulatory Elements in Mammalian Cortex","subhead":"Salk and UC San Diego scientists analyzed methylation patterns of neurons to find new subtypes","home_photo":"","listing_photo":"","legacy_boilerplate":[],"hide_boilerplate":[],"disable_date":false,"listing_excerpt":"<p>LA JOLLA\u2014Under a microscope, it can be hard to tell the difference between any two neurons, the brain cells that store and process information. 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