{"id":12410,"date":"2017-02-14T10:04:51","date_gmt":"2017-02-14T18:04:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&#038;p=12410"},"modified":"2024-01-30T15:18:29","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T23:18:29","slug":"brains-got-rhythm","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/brains-got-rhythm\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4f60\u7684\u5927\u8111\u6709\u8282\u594f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>LA JOLLA\u2014Not everyone is Fred Astaire or Michael Jackson, but even those of us who seem to have two left feet have got rhythm\u2014in our brains. From breathing to walking to chewing, our days are filled with repetitive actions that depend on the rhythmic firing of neurons. Yet the neural circuitry underpinning such seemingly ordinary behaviors is not fully understood, even though better insights could lead to new therapies for disorders such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/science\/research\/neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders\/\">Parkinson's disease, ALS and autism<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"row\" style=\"\"><div class=\"col-md-10 col-md-push-1\"><div class=\"video-anchor\" id=\"video-xQFwiQoNfy4\"><\/div><div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\"> <iframe class=\"embed-responsive-item\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xQFwiQoNfy4?rel=0\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><!-- .embed-responsive --><\/div><!-- .col-md-*size --><\/div><!-- .\/row -->\n<p>Recently, neuroscientists at the Salk Institute used stem cells to generate diverse networks of self-contained spinal cord systems in a dish, dubbed circuitoids, to study this rhythmic pattern in neurons. The work, which appears online in the February 14, 2017, issue of <a href=\"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/content\/6\/e21540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>eLife<\/em><\/a>, reveals that some of the circuitoids\u2014with no external prompting\u2014exhibited spontaneous, coordinated rhythmic activity of the kind known to drive repetitive movements.<\/p>\n<p>\"It's still very difficult to contemplate how large groups of neurons with literally billions if not trillions of connections take information and process it,\" says the work's senior author, Salk Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/scientist\/samuel-pfaff\/\">Samuel Pfaff<\/a>, who is also a <a href=\"http:\/\/www.hhmi.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Howard Hughes Medical Institute<\/a> investigator and holds the Benjamin H. Lewis Chair. \"But we think that developing this kind of simple circuitry in a dish will allow us to extract some of the principles of how real brain circuits operate. With that basic information maybe we can begin to understand how things go awry in disease.\"<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12416\"  class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"322\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-12416 size-col-md-5\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-circutoid-cropped-458x322.png\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-circutoid-cropped-458x322.png 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-circutoid-cropped-300x211.png 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-circutoid-cropped-768x540.png 768w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-circutoid-cropped-147x103.png 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-circutoid-cropped-585x411.png 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-circutoid-cropped-553x389.png 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-circutoid-cropped-750x527.png 750w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-circutoid-cropped.png 788w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Confocal microscope immunofluorescent image of a spinal cord neural circuit made entirely from stem cells and termed a \"circuitoid.\"<\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-circutoid-cropped.png\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.<\/p>\n<p> Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Nerve cells in your brain and spinal cord connect to one another much like electronic circuits. And just as electronic circuits consist of many components, the nervous system contains a dizzying array of neurons, often resulting in networks with many hundreds of thousands of cells. To model these complex neural circuits, the Pfaff lab prompted embryonic stem cells from mice to grow into clusters of spinal cord neurons, which they named circuitoids. Each circuitoid typically contained 50,000 cells in clumps just large enough to see with the naked eye, and with different ratios of neuronal subtypes.<\/p>\n<p>With molecular tools, the researchers tagged four key subtypes of both excitatory (promoting an electrical signal) and inhibitory (stopping an electrical signal) neurons vital to movement, called V1, V2a, V3 and motor neurons. Observing the cells in the circuitoids in real time using high-tech microscopy, the team discovered that circuitoids composed only of V2a or V3 excitatory neurons or excitatory motor neurons (which control muscles) spontaneously fired rhythmically, but that circuitoids comprising only inhibitory neurons did not. Interestingly, adding inhibitory neurons to V3 excitatory circuitoids sped up the firing rate, while adding them to motor circuitoids caused the neurons to form sub-networks, smaller independent circuits of neural activity within a circuitoid.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese results suggest that varying the ratios of excitatory to inhibitory neurons within networks may be a way that real brains create complex but flexible circuits to govern rhythmic activity,\u201d says Pfaff. \u201cCircuitoids can reveal the foundation for complex neural controls that lead to much more elaborate types of behaviors as we move through our world in a seamless kind of way.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12417\"  class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-Web.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-12417 size-pr-300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-Web-300x300.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-Web-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-Web-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-Web-147x147.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-Web-458x458.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-Web-585x585.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-Web-553x553.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-Web-750x750.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-Web.jpg 767w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Samuel Pfaff<\/p>\n<p> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/02\/Pfaff-Web.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Click here<\/a> for a high-resolution image.<\/p>\n<p> Credit: Salk Institute<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Because these circuitoids contain neurons that are actively functioning as an interconnected network to produce patterned firing, Pfaff believes that they will more closely model a normal aspect of the brain than other kinds of cell culture systems. Aside from more accurately studying disease processes that affect circuitry, the new technique also suggests a mechanism by which dysfunctional brain activity could be treated by altering the ratios of cell types in circuits.<\/p>\n<p>Other authors included: Matthew J. Sternfeld, Christopher A. Hinckley, Niall J. Moore, Matthew T. Pankratz, Kathryn L. Hilde, Shawn P. Driscoll, Marito Hayashi, Neal D. Amin, Dario Bonanomi, Wesley D. Gifford, and Martyn Goulding of Salk; and Kamal Sharma of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.uic.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Illinois, Chicago<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The work was funded by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/about-nih\/what-we-do\/nih-almanac\/national-cancer-institute-nci\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Cancer Institute<\/a> at the National Institutes of Health; the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.rosehillsfoundation.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rose Hills Foundation<\/a>; the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chapmantrusts.org\/index.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">H. A. and Mary K. Chapman Charitable Trust<\/a>; the <a href=\"https:\/\/ucsd.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of California, San Diego<\/a>, Neurosciences Graduate Program; a U.S. National Research Service Award fellowship from the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ninds.nih.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">U.S. National Institutes of Health National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke<\/a>; the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nsf.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">National Science Foundation<\/a>; the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology Long-Term Student Support Program; the Timken-Sturgis Foundation; the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cirm.ca.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">California Institute for Regenerative Medicine<\/a>; the Howard Hughes Medical Institute; the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.christopherreeve.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation<\/a>; the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.heritage.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marshall Heritage Foundation<\/a>; and the Sol Goldman Charitable Trust.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":12413,"template":"","faculty":[106],"disease-research":[126,124,162],"class_list":["post-12410","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-samuel-pfaff","disease-research-als","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders","disease-research-parkinsons-disease"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Your brain&#039;s got rhythm - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/zh\/news-release\/brains-got-rhythm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Your brain&#039;s got rhythm - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014Not everyone is Fred Astaire or Michael Jackson, but even those of us who seem to have two left feet have got rhythm\u2014in our brains. 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