{"id":5425,"date":"2015-10-25T20:45:30","date_gmt":"2015-10-26T03:45:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?page_id=5425"},"modified":"2025-02-05T13:18:50","modified_gmt":"2025-02-05T21:18:50","slug":"resources","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/science\/core-facilities\/resources\/","title":{"rendered":"Instrumentaci\u00f3n y servicios"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Equipment<\/h2>\r\n<p>Nikon Eclipse TE 300 and Diaphot 300 Inverted Microscopes<br>\r\nNikon SMZ1000 Dissection Microscopes<br>\r\nOlympus CKX31 and SZX7 microscopes<br>\r\nNarishige MO-188 and MN-188 hydraulic micromanipulators<br>\r\nHamilton Thorne XYCLone Laser System<br>\r\nEppendorf PiezoXpert Microinjector<br>\r\nNanoDrop 2000 Spectrophotometer<br>\r\nVibration-free Tables<br>\r\nPLI-90 Microinjectors<br>\r\nSutter Instrument P-97 Pipette Puller<br>\r\nAlcatel Microforge<br>\r\nMyCycler System<br>\r\nBio-Rad Gene Pulser Electroporator<br>\r\nVAPRO Vapor Pressure Osmometer<br>\r\nBench shaker<br>\r\nForma 3110 CO2 Incubators with copper interior<br>\r\nNuair 425-400 HEPA filter vertical laminar flow hoods<br>\r\nBio Cool III Controlled-rate Freezer<br>\r\n-80\u00b0C freezer<br>\r\n-20\u00b0C freezer<br>\r\nMVE 600 liquid nitrogen cryo-preservation storage systems<br>\r\nUVP Biodoc-It Image system<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 style=\"margin-top: 40px;\">Services<\/h2>\r\n\r\n<strong>CRISPR\/Cas9 microinjections<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries-details\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nSince 2013, Transgenic Core has been successfully using CRISPR\/Cas9 nuclease technology for efficient and precise generation of gene edited mouse models. This technology is a powerful tool that allows production of knock-out, knock-in and point mutant mouse lines in only 3\u20134 months. Transgenic Core will provide consultation, design editing strategy and assist with genotyping.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/login\/?pf=7\">Submit CRISPR microinjection request<\/a>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nOrder CRISPR reagents:<br>\r\n \r\n1.Cas9 Protein<br>\r\nIDT<br>\r\nAlt-R\u00ae S.p.HiFi Cas9 Nuclease V3<br>\r\n100 ug<br>\r\nCat. No 1081060<br>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.idtdna.com\/pages\/products\/crispr-genome-editing\/alt-r-crispr-enzymes\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.idtdna.com\/pages\/products\/crispr-genome-editing\/alt-r-crispr-enzymes<\/a>\r\n <div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n2. sgRNAs (1.5 mol of each)<br>\r\nSynthego<br>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.synthego.com\/success\/synthetic-sgrna\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.synthego.com\/success\/synthetic-sgrna<\/a>\r\n <div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n3. ssDNA (3 ug)<br>\r\n <div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\na) IDT<br>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.idtdna.com\/pages\/products\/genes-and-gene-fragments\/megamers-single-stranded-dna-fragments\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.idtdna.com\/pages\/products\/genes-and-gene-fragments\/megamers-single-stranded-dna-fragments<\/a>\r\n <div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nb) Genewiz:<br>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.genewiz.com\/en\/Public\/Services\/Gene-Synthesis\/Single-Stranded-DNA-Synthesis\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.genewiz.com\/en\/Public\/Services\/Gene-Synthesis\/Single-Stranded-DNA-Synthesis<\/a>\r\n <div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nc) Genescript:<br>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.genscript.com\/new-single-stranded-dna-synthesis-service.html?page_no=1&#038;position_no=1&#038;sensors=googlesearch\" rel=\"noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.genscript.com\/new-single-stranded-dna-synthesis-service.html?page_no=1&#038;position_no=1&#038;sensors=googlesearch<\/a>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>DNA microinjection<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nTransgenic models have proved to be a powerful experimental tool in mammalian genetics. DNA microinjection is the most common method to produce random transgene integration into the mouse genome.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nThe Transgenic Core performs all the steps necessary to produce transgenic mice, including DNA purification, superovulation of donor females, mating set-up, embryo harvesting, microinjection and embryo transfer to recipient females.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nThe investigator is responsible for supplying the DNA construct with all vector sequences removed. Prokaryotic cloning vector sequences inhibit the expression of eukaryotic genes introduced into the mouse genome. We microinject DNA into the male pronucleus of a minimum of 200 mouse embryos in order to provide the investigator with at least 20 pups. Generally, a round of microinjections produces 2-6 founders. Pups will be weaned, tailed and numbered by Core personnel.The investigator will need to perform DNA isolation and analyze the DNA by PCR and Southern blotting.Transgenic founders will be transferred to the investigator holding room at 4 to 5 weeks of age.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<em><strong>To request DNA microinjection service:<\/strong><\/em>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">Submit a DNA Microinjection Service Request<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>digest a minimum of 50 micrograms of DNA with the appropriate restriction enzyme to separate the transgene construct from any plasmid backbone. Attach a picture of the DNA digest indicating the band to be purified, along with sizes of all relevant bands.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<em><strong>Time Lines:<\/strong><\/em>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nOnce the Transgenic Core receives the Request Form and DNA construct, the service scheduling is on a first come first served basis and is usually only a wait of one week.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<em><strong>Breeding Suggestions:<\/strong><\/em>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>reproductive maturity of mice occurs at 6-8 weeks of age<\/li>\r\n \t<li>mouse gestation is 18-21 days<\/li>\r\n \t<li>mice may be weaned when 18-21 days old<\/li>\r\n \t<li>males can be mated with two or three females at a time<\/li>\r\n \t<li>female mice enter estrus every 3-5 days<\/li>\r\n \t<li>it is best to keep breeding pairs together once a litter is born, because the female will go into post-partum estrus and has a high chance of having another litter 21 days later.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>ES cell microinjection<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nThe manipulation of embryonic stem (ES) cells to generate targeted mutations via homologous recombination has proved an invaluable resource for researchers from variety of fields.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nES cells are derived from the inner cell mass of 3.5 day post-coitum mouse embryo and can contribute to all tissues of an adult mouse.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nThe Transgenic Core injects targeted ES cells into a blastocyst stage embryo of C57BL\/6J mouse strain and implants them into the uterus of 2.5 dps pseudopregnant ICR recipient females to produce chimeric mice. Pups will be born 17 days after injected blastocyst are transferred to a recipient animal. Once hair color has established, the percentage of chimerism is noted. Chimeric pups will be transferred to the investigator holding room at 4 to 5 weeks of age.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nThe investigator is responsible for preparing ES cells for microinjection experiments according to Core protocol. ES cells should be subconfluent (70%), well established, and contain colonies that maintain well defined edges and have not yet begun to differentiate.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nIt is advisable to use an ES cell line which has been tested for germline transmission.\r\n\r\n<strong><em>To request an ES cell microinjection service:<\/em><\/strong>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">Submit an ES Cell Microinjection Service Request<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>have the ES cell\/s tested for pathogens<\/li>\r\n \t<li>prepare the ES cells according to the Protocol for ES cell preparation for microinjection<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<strong><em>Time Lines:<\/em><\/strong>\r\nOnce the Transgenic Core receives the Request Form and Pathogen Test result, the service scheduling is on a first come first served basis and is usually only a wait of one week.\r\n\r\n<strong><em>Breeding Suggestions:<\/em><\/strong>\r\nChimeras should be mated with C57Bl\/6J mice to determine germline transmission.\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>pups produced from ES cells will be agouti and half of these mice should be heterozygous for the targeted gene<\/li>\r\n \t<li>if the male chimera doesn&#8217;t transmit after a total of 50 pups are born, it is unlikely that it will ever go germline<\/li>\r\n \t<li>if a female chimera doesn&#8217;t transmit after a total of 25 pups are born, it is unlikely that it will go germline<\/li>\r\n \t<li>if a chimera fails to produce any pups at all after about 8 weeks of set-up, it is probably infertile<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nWe recommend breeding male chimeras aggressively once they reach reproductive maturity (6-8 weeks of age). We suggest rotating 2 females through their cage every week so that a maximum number of pups are born in the shortest time possible.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Lentiviral microinjections<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nProduction of transgenic mouse models by microinjection of lentiviral vector into the perivitelline space of one-cell stage embryos is high efficient, low invasive to the embryos and more cost effective. Furthermore, since the lentiviral delivery technique does not require visualization on the pronucleus, it has the potential to be extended to diverse mouse strains. However, the use of lentiviruses for the purpose of transgenes may be limited by processes that interfere with viral productions or by the insertion of transgenes larger than 10 kb between the long terminal repeats.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nTo request Lentiviral microinjection:\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">Submit a Lentiviral microinjections Service Request<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>provide 100 \u00b5l of viral prep with the titer of 2&#215;10<sup>8<\/sup> I.U.\/ml<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Cryopreservation Services<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\n<p>Cryopreservation of mouse lines service has been provided for more than 20 years and offers several advantages:<\/p>\r\n    <ul>\r\n        <li>Reduces the maintenance cost and demand for housing space<\/li>\r\n        <li>Safeguards against genetic drift and contamination within the colony<\/li>\r\n        <li>Simplifies shipment of animals and reduces the workload for animal care and veterinary staff<\/li>\r\n        <li>Permits rapid embryo transfer rederivation of the colony<\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n\r\n   <strong> <p>Embryo versus Sperm Cryopreservation<\/p><\/strong>\r\n\r\n    <table>\r\n        <thead>\r\n            <tr>\r\n                <th width=\"30%\">Factor<\/th>\r\n                <th width=\"30%\">Embryo<\/th>\r\n                <th width=\"30%\">Sperm<\/th>\r\n            <\/tr>\r\n        <\/thead>\r\n        <tbody>\r\n            <tr>\r\n                <td>Cost to freeze<\/td>\r\n                <td>High<\/td>\r\n                <td>Low<\/td>\r\n            <\/tr>\r\n            <tr>\r\n                <td>Cost to recover<\/td>\r\n                <td>Low<\/td>\r\n                <td>High<\/td>\r\n            <\/tr>\r\n            <tr>\r\n                <td>Time to freeze<\/td>\r\n                <td>1-2 weeks<\/td>\r\n                <td>1-2 days<\/td>\r\n            <\/tr>\r\n            <tr>\r\n                <td>Time to recover<\/td>\r\n                <td>3-4 weeks<\/td>\r\n                <td>3-6 weeks<\/td>\r\n            <\/tr>\r\n            <tr>\r\n                <td>Reliability<\/td>\r\n                <td>High<\/td>\r\n                <td>Variable<\/td>\r\n            <\/tr>\r\n            <tr>\r\n                <td>Genotype<\/td>\r\n                <td>Donor genotype is preserved<\/td>\r\n                <td>Only half of genome is preserved<\/td>\r\n            <\/tr>\r\n            <tr>\r\n                <td>Advantages<\/td>\r\n                <td>Less expensive and easy rederivation<\/td>\r\n                <td>Only 2 males required<\/td>\r\n            <\/tr>\r\n            <tr>\r\n                <td>Limitations<\/td>\r\n                <td>Higher upfront cost<\/td>\r\n                <td>More expensive to recover<br>IVF does not work efficiently for all lines<\/td>\r\n            <\/tr>\r\n            <tr>\r\n                <td>Optimal<\/td>\r\n                <td>Lines with multiple mutant alleles<\/td>\r\n                <td>Lines with single mutation<\/td>\r\n            <\/tr>\r\n            <tr>\r\n                <td>Number of animals<\/td>\r\n                <td>6-10 males<br>Up to 20 mutant females to freeze homozygous embryos<\/td>\r\n                <td>2 males<\/td>\r\n            <\/tr>\r\n        <\/tbody>\r\n    <\/table>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n \t<a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/login\/?pf=7\">Submit Cryopreservation Service request<\/a>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n    <p><strong>Embryo Cryopreservation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n    <ul>\r\n        <li>Provide 6-10 male mice, preferably homozygous, 2-6 months of age with good health and breeding record.<\/li>\r\n        <li>Single house the males in your animal holding room and label cages \u201cTGC CRYO\u201d.<\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n   <p><strong>Sperm Cryopreservation<\/strong><\/p>\r\n    <ul>\r\n        <li>Provide 2 male mice, preferably homozygous, 3-6 months of age with good health and breeding record.<\/li>\r\n        <li>Single house the males in your animal holding room and label cages \u201cTGC CRYO\u201d.<\/li>\r\n    <\/ul>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nTransgenic Core will provide materials and labor for cryopreservation of at least 200 eight-cell stage embryos or 20 straws of frozen sperm for each line.\r\n\r\nFrozen samples will be stored in Transgenic Core liquid nitrogen storage freezers located in two different buildings. These tanks are monitored by TG Core and Facility personnel.\r\n\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Embryo rederivation<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nEmbryo Rederivation is used to establish Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) mice from lines that arrive at the Institute from non-standard sources.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nRederivation includes the breeding of males with superovulated wild-type donor females in the rederivation Isolation room, collection of pre-implantation stage embryos, washing them through several (10) drops of medium and transfer of embryos into the oviduct of pseudopregnant recipient ICR females.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nWhen a clean health status is established, these animals will be allowed to enter SAF.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nThis procedure is more reliable than caesarian delivery for removal of pathogens.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nAll strains of mice can be rederived, but the efficiency of the procedure depends on the robustness and fecundity of the strain. Inbred strains require larger starting numbers of mice for a reasonable chance of success.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nSome investigators may request rederivation using females provided from their research colony. This is typically done in the case where breeding with wild-type females is undesirable for maintaining certain genetic markers. An example of this is a line of double knockouts.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nTo maximize chances of successful rederivation, a minimum of 5-6 males must be available. The males must be 2-6 months of age with a good health report and breeding record.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<strong><em>\r\nTo request a Rederivation Service:<\/em><\/strong>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">Submit a Rederivation Service Request<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>provide us with at least 5 males at the age of 2-6 months with a good breeding record and health report<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>In Vitro Fertilization<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nIn Vitro Fertilization (IVF) of mouse embryos is used to rapidly expand mouse lines from a few males to generate offspring from cryopreserved sperm and from mice that will not mate or carry litters to term.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nIVF involves culture of oocytes from 25 donor wild type females of appropriate background provided by the Transgenic Core with the sperm from a donor male mouse provided by an investigator. After fertilization the embryos are surgically transferred into the oviducts of pseudopregnant ICR females provided by the Core.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nCages with implanted females will be transferred to SAF quarantine and will then be tested for pathogens.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nAll weaned pups will be transferred to the investigator.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nIVF results vary according to genetic background and the quality of the individual males used for IVF. Therefore, we cannot offer a guarantee that any given IVF procedure will produce a large number of pups.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<em><strong>To request Cryopreservation service:<\/strong><\/em>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">Submit an IVF Request Service Request<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>provide us with 1-2 males at the age of 2-6 months with a good breeding record and health report<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Gene Targeting in ES cells<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nThe GM Core provides free consultations for developing strategies to design and construct targeting vectors for generating knockout and knockin mouse models and conducts all gene-targeting experiments in mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nWe perform targeting vector DNA purification, ES cell transfection by electroporation, select drug resistant colonies and provide two-three 96 well plates of ES cell clones. Each plate will be split into four: two plates will be frozen in GM Core -80\u00b0C freezer and two plates will be given to investigator for DNA preparation and screening of homologous recombinant clones.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nPositive clones must be identified within one-two month to ensure high-rate and high quality of cell recovery. <strong>The potential for germ-line transmission may be compromised if the ES-cells are stored at \u201380\u00b0 C for more than 2 months.<\/strong>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nGM Core will thaw positive ES cell clones and prepare them for blastocyst microinjections.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nES cell microinjection service is provided by Transgenic Core and has to be requested at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/science\/core-facilities\/transgenic-core\/service-request\/\">https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/science\/core-facilities\/transgenic-core\/service-request\/<\/a>\r\n\r\n<strong>To initiate Gene targeting project:<\/strong>\r\n<ol class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Contact Dr. Tsung-Chang Sung x 1541, <a href=\"mailto:sung@salk.edu\">sung@salk.edu<\/a> to schedule a free consultation for detailed discussion of your project. You will be asked to provide a map of the targeting vector and reproducible screening strategy:\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>sequencing of both arms, inserts, and all junctions<\/li>\r\n \t<li>show 3\u2032 and 5\u2032 arms are in correct orientation<\/li>\r\n \t<li>both positive and negative selection cassettes<\/li>\r\n \t<li>use isogenic DNA for creation of homologous arms, GM Core can provide you with ES cell genomic DNA<\/li>\r\n \t<li>3\u2032 and 5\u2032 arms should be a minimum of 2 Kb in length at each arm<\/li>\r\n \t<li>run a test Southern blot using both 3\u2032 and 5\u2032 ends\u2019 outside probes and submit a copy of gel photo and autoradiograph<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">Submit service request<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Provide 500 micrograms of linearized DNA and a gel photo of the digest<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>ES Cell Expansion and Preparation for Microinjection<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nGM Core will culture, expend and freeze targeted and wild type mouse ES cell clones imported from other institutions. Frozen cells will be maintained in the GM Core facility&#8217;s auto-fill liquid nitrogen storage tank, unless requested otherwise by the investigator.\r\n\r\n<strong>To request ES cell expansion and preparation for microinjection:<\/strong>\r\n<ol class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">Submit service request<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Provide at least 2 vials of frozen ES cells with mycoplasma test results<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Provide detailed ES cell culture protocol with list of reagents<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>De novo ES cell line derivation<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nGM core will de novo derive ES cell lines from the mutant mouse line provided by investigator. We will collect and plate blastocyst stage embryos, manually disaggreagate inner cell mass and expend the colonies with ES cell like morphology.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nTo initiate this service please:\r\n<ol class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">Submit an ES cell derivation request<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>Provide 5 male mice 3-6 months of age with good health report and breeding record and 5 female mice 3-4 weeks old. Single house the males in your room in SAF, females can be housed in one cage, label all cages &#8220;FOR GMC&#8221;<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Targeting vector design and construction<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nGM Core provides complete gene targeting vector design and construction service. We use different cloning methods to generate transgenic, conventional and conditional knockout, knock-in constructs, BAC, lentiviral constructs and CRISPR for making genetically modified mouse models.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nThe process of designing and construction of targeting vectors is complex, requires multiple consultation sessions and involves careful consideration of factors such as gene location, promoter, adjacent genes intron\/exon spacing, domains etc. We will create a written plan for vector design and construction and perform all nessesery cloning steps. If difficulties arise during construction process, we will notify the investigator, so that potential changes in strategy can be discussed and implemented.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nProject cost depends on the complexity and\/or availability of the cassettes to be inserted and the number of cloning steps involved and will be discussed during consultations.\r\n\r\nTo initiate this service please contact Dr. Tsung-Chang Sung (<a href=\"mailto:sung@salk.edu\">sung@salk.edu<\/a>, x1541) to schedule initial consultation and then <a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">submit service request<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>DR4 and CF1 mEF cells<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nGM Core routinely generates primary mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (mEF) feeder cells from DR4 and CF1 mouse embryos.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nDR4 mEF cells are Neomycin, Hygromycin, Puromycin, 6-Thioguanine resistant are used as a support layer for mouse Emryonic Stem (mES) cell.\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>\u03b3 -irradiated \u2013 4&#215;10<sup>6<\/sup> cells\/vial<\/li>\r\n \t<li>non irradiated &#8211; 4&#215;10<sup>6<\/sup> cells\/vial<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">submit service request<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Teratoma formation<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nThe formation of teratomas with three distinct germ layers is the only option available to define pluripotency of human and mouse stem cells and iPS cells in-vivo and is the closest functional alternative to chimera production. TG Core performs subcutaneous, intramuscular, kidney capsule and testis capsule injections using imunodifficient mice, monitors tumor development during 12-15 weeks and collects tumors for histological examination, performed by investigators.\r\n\r\nTo request Teratoma formation service:\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">submit service request<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>provide two vials of cells (approximately 1 million cells\/vial) for each line<\/li>\r\n \t<li>cells must be pathogen tested<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Southern Blot<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nSouthern blot analysis is a golden standard technique for identification of correctly targeted ES cell clones, the critical part of every gene-targeting project. Southern blot is also the only method that allows determining transgene copy number and number of integration sites in transgenic mice. Southern blot requires use of radioactive probe and time for optimizing experimental conditions and is challenging for some labs. TG Core personnel has extensive experience in Southern Blot analysis and will perform all steps including sample DNA preparation, restriction digestion, gel electrophoresis, blotting, probe labeling, hybridization and detection.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nTo request Southern Blot service:\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">submit service request<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li>contact Yelena Dayn dayn@salk.edu and Tsung-Chang Sung sung@salk.edu to schedule an individual consultation<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n \r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<strong>Custom Plasmid Cloning Services<\/strong>\r\n\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\n<p>The Salk Transgenic Core offers cost effective and rapid custom plasmid cloning and construction services. Our highly experienced molecular biologists will provide free of charge initial consultation to discuss your project needs, all steps required for cloning and provide a cost estimate. The core can provide several standard cloning and expression vectors or use vectors provided by requesting investigator. <\/p>\r\n<p>Turn around time is 2-3 weeks and depends on number of sub-cloning steps, cloning method, construct length and complexity.<\/p>\r\n<p>Final construct will be verified by both restriction digestion and sequencing.<br>\r\nCore will provide 20 ug of the final ready-to-use plasmid and DNA sequence file in Ape or SnapGene file format.\r\n<\/p><p>\r\nPlease contact Dr. Tsung-Chang Sung (<a href=\"mailto:sung@salk.edu\">sung@salk.edu<\/a>) to schedule a consultation. <\/p>\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\nTo request Cloning Service (one for each construct):\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li><a class=\"btn -expand\" href=\"https:\/\/ppms.us\/salk\/?TGC\">submit service request<\/a><\/li>\r\n<li>Indicate any extra concerns or special request in the \u201cComments\u201d box<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Provide:<ul><li>5 ug of cloning vector(s)<\/li>\r\n<li>1-2 ug cloning insert(s)<\/li>\r\n<li>DNA sequence files in Ape or SnapGene format\r\n<\/li><\/ul>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\n<h2>Protocols<\/h2>\r\nES cell culture, electroporation and screening\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n<h2>Preparation of embryonic fibroblast (EF) cells<\/h2>\r\n&#8220;Good&#8221; EF cells are one of the keys in maintaining totipotence of ES cells.\r\nAlthough other cell lines such as STO cells or high concentrations of LIF\r\nhave been used to substitute for EF cells in ES cell culture, we found EF\r\ncells give very satisfactory and consistent results. If you prefer using\r\nSTO cells as feeders, make sure you obtain them from good sources.\r\nEF cells are cultured in HEPES-buffered (pH 7.3) DMEM supplemented with\r\n10% fetal calf serum and antibiotics (see below for the details of medium\r\npreparation). EF cells are isolated from mouse embryos at embryonic\r\ndays 12-14. Briefly, EF cells are prepared with the following procedure:\r\n(1) Isolate embryos and wash once in HEPES saline, dissect individual\r\nembryos by removing the head and vicerating soft tissues (e.g. liver,\r\nheart and other viscera) and wash the carcasses twice in HEPES buffer.\r\n(2) Mince the embryo carcasses into fine pieces in a small volume of\r\ntrypsin\/EDTA solution (just cover all the embryos), add more trypsin\/EDTA\r\nsolution (2 ml trypsin solution in total for 10 embryos) and mix well\r\nwith the embryo tissues and incubate the mixture at 37\u00b0C for 30 min.\r\n(3) Add 10 ml DMEM plus 10% FCS and transfer digested tissues into a\r\n50 ml tube and dissociate the tissues by vigorous pipetting up and down.\r\n(4) Allow the large pieces of tissue debris to settle down and transfer\r\nthe supernatant into a clean tube. Add another 10 ml medium and pipet\r\nthe tissues to obtain more dissociated EF cells and repeat this step\r\nthree or more times. (5) Combine all the supernatant and plate out the\r\ncell suspension into T75 (growth area is 75 cm<span class=\"sup\">2<\/span> ) flasks\r\n(about 1 embryo per flask); freeze one confluent flask of EF cells into\r\ntwo vials. To prepare mitotically inactive feeder cells, primary EF cells\r\nare expanded for several passages and treated with mitomycin C (Sigma)\r\nat 10 \u00b5g\/ml for 2-4 hrs. or subjected to gamma-irradiation\r\n(2000-3000 rads) (see below for protocol for EF cell expansion).\r\nAliquots of mitotically inactivated EF cells are frozen at -70\u00b0C for\r\nseveral months or in liquid nitrogen for years.\r\n<div style=\"margin-bottom: 30px;\"><\/div>\r\n**Do not over-expand the EF cells. We use morphological criteria for\r\nscoring good feeders. The cells should have longitudial or long spindle\r\nshape (skinny) and grow compact. When individual cells become enlarged\r\nwith a flat appearance (fatty), they are senescent and no good. The\r\ndensity of EF cells in culture is important. If the density is too low,\r\nthe EF cells easily become senescent.\r\n<h2>Expansion, irradiation, and freezing of EF cells:<\/h2>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Plate 1 vial primary embryonic fibroblast cells in one T75 flask with 20 ml DMEM, 10% FCS (1 vial primary fibroblast is derived from about 1\/2 embryo).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Split 1 T75 flask of cells into 2-3 T75 flasks.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Expand each T75 flask of cells into one T175 flask (growth area is 175 cm<span class=\"sup\">2<\/span> ). Each T175 flask of cells can be further split into 2-3 T175 flasks. [** It is important to note that the number of passages is not important. The most IMPORTANT thing is to monitor their growth and morphology.]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Trypsinize and pool all the cells, spin down and resuspend in 40-50 ml of DMEM containing 10% FCS<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Irradiate cells (gamma-irradiation, 2000-3000 rads)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spin down and resuspend the cells in DMEM, 10% FCS. Normally, cells from one T175 are frozen into two vials (0.5 ml\/vial). So, the cells from one T175 flask are resuspended in 0.5 ml of DMEM. Add equal volume of 2X freezing medium, mix and freeze for overnight in 0.5 ml aliquot at -80\u00b0C and then store in liquid nitrogen.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[Feeder cells from each vial are sufficient for 85 cm<span class=\"sup\">2<\/span> growth area. Since the recovery and plating efficiency may not be 100%, this amount of feeder cells is normally plated onto 1 X T75 or 3 X T25 flasks. You may adjust these numbers according to the plating efficiency. I have complied a list of growth areas for commonly used flasks and plates in the section for Solution Preparation (see below).]\r\n<h2>Thawing and culturing EF and ES cells:<\/h2>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Day 1: Coat T25 flask with 0.2% gelatin (3-4 ml, 5 min, at RT.). Thaw EF cells rapidly in 37\u00b0C water bath. Transfer the cells to a 15 ml tube with 5 ml EF cell-medium, Spin down at 1000 rpm for 5 min. Resuspend cells in appropriate volume. Transfer the cells into T25 flask (end volume 5-6 ml)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Day 2: Thaw ES cells rapidly in 37\u00b0C water bath. Transfer the cells into a 15 ml tube with 5 ml ES cell-medium, Spin down for 5&#8242; at 1000 rpm. Resuspend cells in 6 ml ES cell medium. Transfer the cells into a T25 flask that contain feeder cells<\/li>\r\n \t<li>As EF cells settle dowm much faster than ES cells, you may thaw and culture both EF and ES cells at the same time. But if you do not know whether your EF cells quality and their density, it is better to plate out EF cells one day before culturing ES cells]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Re-feed DAILY with 6 ml ES cell-medium. <strong class=\"stronger\">NEVER LET ES CELLS OVER-GROW.<\/strong> <strong>Split the cells when confluent. Do not wait for another day. ES cells won&#8217;t wait for you.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Passaging of ES cells<\/h2>\r\nPrepare fresh flasks at least one day before splitting ES cells: gelatin-coated and plated feeders; alternatively, the feeders can be plated out with ES cells on the same day since the feeder cells normally seed down on the plate before ES cells do.\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Wash T25 flask with 3-4 ml HEPES<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add 0.5 ml trypsin that has been warmed at 37\u00b0C<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Incubate 5-7 minutes at 37\u00b0C. Monitor how well the cells are trypsinized under the scope. Depending on particular batch of trypsin, the time required for trypsinization may vary. Do not over-trypsinize the cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add 6 ml ES cell-medium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Triturate the ES cells to single-cell suspension with a pipet<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transfer to a 15 ml tube<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spin down for 5&#8242; at 1000 rpm<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Resuspend cells in appropriate volume ES cell-medium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transfer cells to appropriate flasks, usually 4-5 times the original surface<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Freezing<\/h2>\r\nThe cell pellet from a confluent T25 flask is resuspended in 1 ml of medium, add 1 ml of 2X freezing medium, mix, and aliqot 0.5 ml. Freeze overnight at -80\u00b0C and then transfer into liquid nitrogen freezer\r\n<h2>Preparation of DNA for electroporation<\/h2>\r\n*Linearize vector DNA (per electroporation) with appropriate enzyme. Use 2-5-fold excess restriction enzyme, digest during 1 hour. Check DNA digest on agarose gel. Phenol\/chloroform\/iso-amyl-alcohol (24:24:1) extraction. Chloroform\/iso-amyl-alcohol (49:1) extraction. Transfer supernatant from last extraction to screw tube in hood. Add 1\/10 volume 3 M NaOAc and 2 volumes 100% ethanol. From this point on, treat as tissue culture sterile. Incubate for 15-30&#8242; on dry ice and spin: 10&#8242; max. rpm. Wash pellet with 70% ethanol in hood. Dissolve the pellet in H<span class=\"sub\">2<\/span>O in hood (final concentration 1\u00b5g\/\u00b5l). Let DNA dissolve at R.T.\r\n<h2>Electroporation of ES cells<\/h2>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Day before electroporation: prepare 10 cm dishes coated and plated feeders, 8-10 ml medium per plate<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Prepare: A confluent T25 flask will give rise to approximately 10X10<span class=\"sup\">6<\/span> ES cells. Prepare cell suspension at 20 x 10<span class=\"sup\">6<\/span>\/ml. The cuvette (Bio-Rad, 0.4 cm electrode) used for electroporation will hold approximately 0.8 ml each. We normally plate out 2-4 x10<span class=\"sup\">6<\/span> ES cells onto a 10 cm plate for selection after electroporation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Electroporation<\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Wash T25 flask with 3-4 ml HEPES<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add 0.5 ml trypsin<\/li>\r\n \t<li>5-7&#8242; 37\u00b0C<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add 5 ml ES cell-medium<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Resuspend cells well with 5 ml ES cell-medium and transfer to a 15 ml tube<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spin: 5&#8217;1000 rpm<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wash cells once with 5 ml electroporation buffer and resuspend the cells in electroporation buffer<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add DNA (25-50 \u00b5g\/ml) to the cells and mix well<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transfer the cells to electroporation cuvet<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Electroporate, 400 V, 25 \u00b5F or 800 V, 3 \u00b5F (time constant usually 0.4 &#8211; 0.5 msec)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Incubate for 10 min at R.T.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Plate out the cells onto 10 cm feeder plates (2-4 X10<span class=\"sup\">6<\/span>\/plate)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Apply selection 24 hours after electroporation: Neo (G418): 50 mg\/ml (active form) = 250 x stock<\/li>\r\n \t<li>**Before making up G418 stock, it is important to calculate the percentage of the active form of G418 in the crude powder for that specific lot, e.g. 740 mg active form\/g<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Puro: 2 mg\/ml = 1000 x stock\r\nHygro: 100 mg\/ml = 500-1000 x stock<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Re-feed cells daily (with selection medium)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pick colonies on day 7-9 after electroporation.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5>Picking ES Clones, Expanding Them, and Freezing Expanded Clones in 96 Well Plates<\/h5>\r\n<strong>Day 1<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMaterials for Day 1:\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">&gt;\r\n \t<li>10 cm plates containing ES colonies ready for picking<\/li>\r\n \t<li>HEPES wash<\/li>\r\n \t<li>96 well V bottom plates for trypsinizing colonies<\/li>\r\n \t<li>P20 pipetman with tips in racks<\/li>\r\n \t<li>12 place multiwell micropipetor<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.25% trypsin in HEPES<\/li>\r\n \t<li>96 well flat bottom plates containing preplated feeders<\/li>\r\n \t<li>ES cell media<\/li>\r\n \t<li>EF cell media<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Feed colonies on plates 1-2 hours before picking them.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add to every well in the 96 well V bottom plates, 10 \u00b5l HEPES.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wash colonies on 10 cm dish with HEPES.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pick colonies with P20, picking up to 10 \u00b5l HEPES with the colony<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transfer colony to a well in the 96 well dish containing HEPES (the volume of HEPES is 20 \u00b5l now).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pick 12- 24 colonies this way.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add to the picked colonies 20 \u00b5l of trypsin with the 12-place pipetor.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Incubate at 37\u00b0C for 5 minutes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add 100 \u00b5l ES media to trypsinized colonies with the 12 place pipetor.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pipet cells up and down several times to get single cell suspensions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transfer the cells to a 96 well flat bottom plate containing feeders in 100 \u00b5l ES medium, feed the ES cells in 96-well plate daily with 100 \u00b5l ES media for 2-3 days. Normally the cells will become confluent after 2-3 days in culture<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Day 2-3<\/strong>\r\n\r\nES cells are trypsinized as described above. One third (1\/3) of the cells are transferred into a 96-well plate that contain EF cells. Two third (2\/3) of the cells will be transferred into a gelatinized 24 well plate (for DNA) without feeders in the presence of EF cell media. Feed the ES cells in 96-well plate daily with 100 \u00b5l ES media. 2-3 days later, this plate will be processed for freezing.There is no need to refeed the cells that are expanded for DNA. I usually add 1 ml of EF cell medium in the beginning and wait until the color of medium becomes yellow, which indicates that cells are ready for DNA preparation. [If there are no sufficient ES cells grown in the well for DNA preparation, you could increase ES cells by simply trypsinizing the existing ES cells and growing them in the same well.]\r\n\r\n<strong>Freezing Cells on Day 4-6<\/strong>\r\n\r\nMaterials for Day 4-6:\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>HEPES<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.25% trypsin in HEPES<\/li>\r\n \t<li>ES media<\/li>\r\n \t<li>2X freezing solution:\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>20% v\/v DMSO<\/li>\r\n \t<li>20% v\/v FCS<\/li>\r\n \t<li>60% v\/v DMEM<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Parafilm<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hybridization bags<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Wash cells in 96 well plate with hepes wash.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add 20 \u00b5l trypsin, 37\u00b0C 5 minutes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add 30 \u00b5l ES media, pipet up and down to get a single cell suspension.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add 50 \u00b5l 2X freezing solution, pipet up and down 2X to mix.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wrap edge of plate in parafilm, seal in hybridization bag, freeze at -70\u00b0C.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>DNA isolation and analysis<\/h2>\r\n<ul class=\"tic\">\r\n \t<li>Remove medium from 24-well dish<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add 0.5 ml lysis buffer (add proteinase-K fresh)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Incubate at least 4 hours, back in usual incubator or until all wells are lysed (Lysed cells may be in incubator, together with growing colonies for days)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Put plates onto a horizontal rotator (tape down, be careful)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Rotate 30&#8242;<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add 0.5 ml isopropanol\/well<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Rotate until DNA precipitate is completely dehydrated<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transfer DNA to 100 \u00b5l TE using a yellow tip. Try to avoid to take two much liquid containing the isopropanol that may inhibit restriction enzyme digestion or PCR<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Dissolve overnight at 55\u00b0C on a rocker<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Typically 15 \u00b5l is used for a restriction digest, using 50 units restriction enzyme.\r\nWe normally set up restriction digestion or PCR in a 96-well plate with the aid of 12-channel pipetor<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For Southern blotting analysis, the digested genomic DNA is separated on a 0.7 % agarose gel in TAE at 100V running for about 5 hours<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The DNA is denatured and transferred to a Zetabind membrane using alkaline transfer procedure for 3-4 hr<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The DNA is crosslinked to the filter by using the Stratagene UV crosslinker (auto-crosslink step)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hybridizations are done overnight in Church buffer (typically in 5-10 ml of hybridization buffer at 65\u00b0C)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Recovery of positive ES cell clones<\/h2>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>After identifying positive clones by Southern blotting or PCR analysis, ES cells will be recovered. To recover ES cells,thaw the cells by adding warm media directly into wells that contain positive ES cells.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transfer thawed cells to a tube containing enough feeders for a single well of a 48 well dish.[By mxing with EF cells, the recovery of ES cells is increased.]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spin down cells (by co-spinning feeders and ES cells you minimize loss of the small number of ES cells you&#8217;ve frozen).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Resuspend cells in ES medium, transfer to a gelatinized well of a 48 well plate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Solutions and growth factor<\/h2>\r\n<strong>0.2% gelatin<\/strong>\r\n\r\nPlates for ES cell culture are coated with 0.2% gelatin (Sigma) which is made by dissolving gelatin into water, and the solution is autoclaved and stored at 4\u00b0C. You may want to filter the solution through 0.2 micron filter\r\n\r\n<strong>DMEM<\/strong>\r\n\r\nSee additional protocol for making DMEM and how to adjust osmolarity to 290 mmol\/Kg\r\n\r\n<strong>ES cell-medium<\/strong>\r\n<table class=\"gridtable\" border=\"1\" width=\"100%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"50%\"><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"50%\">Final conc<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>450 ml DMEM<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>75 ml FCS<\/td>\r\n<td>15%<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5 ml non-essential amino acids (0.01 M)<\/td>\r\n<td>0.1 mM<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5 ml Pen\/Strep<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4 \u00b5l \u03b2-mercaptoethanol (Sigma)<\/td>\r\n<td>0.1 mM<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>0.125-0.25 ml of LIF (10<span class=\"sup\">6<\/span> Units\/ml)<\/td>\r\n<td>250 &#8211; 500 Units\/ml\r\n1000 Units\/ml when growing without feeders<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nLIF is obtained from Gibco\/BRL in 10&#215;10<span class=\"sup\">6<\/span> units\/vial. Reconstitute in DMEM +10% FCS (or EF cell medium). Aliquot 0.5 ml and store at 4\u00b0C.\r\n\r\n<strong>2x freezing medium<\/strong> (1x = 10% DMSO, 10% FCS in DMEM)\r\n\r\nMix 60 ml DMEM well with 20 ml DMSO. Medium will become warm (exothermic), allow to cool before adding 20 ml of FCS. Filter and aliquot 5 ml\r\n\r\n<strong>Electroporation buffer<\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"no\">\r\n \t<li>20 mM HEPES (pH7.0)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>137 mM NaCl<\/li>\r\n \t<li>5 mM KCl<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.7 mM Na<span class=\"sub\">2<\/span>HPO<span class=\"sub\">4<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>6 mM glucose<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.1 mM \u03b2-mercaptoethanol [add fresh before use, if older than 1 month; To make 10 mM stock (100X), add 7 \u00b5l of \u03b2-mercaptoethanol into 10 ml of H<span class=\"sub\">2<\/span>O]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Store at 4\u00b0C<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Lysis buffer<\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"no\">\r\n \t<li>100 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5<\/li>\r\n \t<li>5 mM EDTA<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.2 % SDS<\/li>\r\n \t<li>200 mM NaCl<\/li>\r\n \t<li>100 \u00b5g\/ml Proteinase-K (add fresh)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>Trvpsin (high concentration)<\/strong> (0.25 % trypsin, 1 mM EDTA in HEPES)\r\n<ul class=\"no\">\r\n \t<li>5 ml of 2.5% trypsin<\/li>\r\n \t<li>45 ml of HEPES<\/li>\r\n \t<li>100 \u00b5l of 0.5 M EDTA<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Filter sterilize and freeze in aliquots at -20\u00b0C<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<strong>HEPES (HEPES-buffered saline<\/strong>\r\n<ul class=\"no\">\r\n \t<li>121 mM NaCl<\/li>\r\n \t<li>5.4 mM KCl<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.44 mM KH<span class=\"sub\">2<\/span>PO<span class=\"sub\">4<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.30 mM Na<span class=\"sub\">2<\/span>HPO<span class=\"sub\">4<\/span><\/li>\r\n \t<li>5.56 mM glucose<\/li>\r\n \t<li>20 mM HEPES (pH 7.3)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Phenol red.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Osmolarity: 290 mmol\/kg<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h5>Volumes and growth area for commonly used plastic flasks and plates<\/h5>\r\n<table class=\"gridtable\" border=\"1\" width=\"100%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>cm<span class=\"sup\">2<\/span><\/th>\r\n<th>Medium<\/th>\r\n<th>Wash<\/th>\r\n<th>Trypsinize<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>T25<\/td>\r\n<td>25<\/td>\r\n<td>5 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>3-4 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>0.5 ml<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>T75<\/td>\r\n<td>75<\/td>\r\n<td>15 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>10 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>1 ml<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>T175<\/td>\r\n<td>175<\/td>\r\n<td>50 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>20 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>2 ml<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>10cm dish<\/td>\r\n<td>60<\/td>\r\n<td>8 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>4 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>1 ml<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>24 wells<\/td>\r\n<td>2<\/td>\r\n<td>1 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>0.5 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>2 drops<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>12 wells<\/td>\r\n<td>3.8<\/td>\r\n<td>2 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>1 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>3 drops<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>96 wells<\/td>\r\n<td>0.32<\/td>\r\n<td>0.15 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>0.2 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>20\u00b5l<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>48 wells<\/td>\r\n<td>1<\/td>\r\n<td>1 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>1 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>0.1 ml<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4 wells<\/td>\r\n<td>1<\/td>\r\n<td>1 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>1 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>0.1 ml<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6 wells<\/td>\r\n<td>10<\/td>\r\n<td>4 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>2 ml<\/td>\r\n<td>4 drops<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\nES cell preparation for microinjection\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Thaw ES cells and passage them once, cells should be 50-60 % confluent on the day of injection.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>On the day of injection, change ES cell medium at least one hour before preparation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wash ES cells with HEPES.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add trypsin (0.5 ml for T25) and incubate for 3 to 5 min. Monitor how well ES cells are trypsinized under the scope. Do not over-trypsinize the cells!<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add ES cell medium and triturate the cells to obtain single-cell suspension.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Transfer to 15 ml conical tube.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spin down for 5&#8242; at 1000 rpm.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Aspirate the medium.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Tap the tube to dissociate cell pellet.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Resuspend the cells in ES cell medium and pre-plate (no gelatin, no MEF cells) in the incubator for 30 min.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Carefully remove supernatant into 15 ml conical tube and spin down for 5&#8242; at 1000 rpm.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Resuspend in 5 ml of M2 medium (obtained from TG Core).<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spin down, aspirate the medium and tap the tube.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Resuspend cells in 0.5 ml of M2 in 15 ml conical tube.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Place tube on ice and bring to TG (ext. 2011) by 10:00 AM.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>\r\n\r\nDNA preparation for microinjection\r\n<a class=\"btn -toggle -readmore\" href=\"#\" data-reveal=\"accordion\" data-toggle=\"Details\u00bb, Close\">Details\u00bb<\/a>\r\n<div class=\"entries\" style=\"display: none;\">\r\n<div class=\"entry\">\r\n\r\nThe quality of DNA for microinjection is essential to the success of transgenic experiments. DNA that is not purified properly will make the injections difficult and\/or reduce the survival rate. Any traces of phenol, ethanol, salts or enzymes are toxic for embryos. It is also important to get rid of any particles that could clog the injection needles. Glassware with possible detergent residue should be avoided, disposable plastic ware rinsed before use with filtered water is used instead. In addition silicone free tubes could be used to prevent from potential clogging problems.\r\n\r\nThe DNA concentration is a crucial factor to the success of experiments. Excess DNA is toxic and results in developmental arrest. Too diluted DNA will decrease the number of transgenic founders. Errors in concentration can significantly affect transgenic production. The facility requires 30-50 \u00b5l of DNA fragment at the concentration of 50-100 ng\/\u00b5l.\r\n\r\nIt is recommended to establish a screening method to identify transgenic animals before submitting DNA for microinjection. To provide evidence of PCR or Southern blot assay that detects transgene at one copy concentration, wild type tail DNA is spiked with a known amount of transgene DNA to produce copy standards. A Southern blot assay should be used to determine the copy number, integration site number, and transgene integrity in the transgenic founders prior to breeding.\r\n\r\nPurify recombinant plasmid (e.g. Qiagen Endo-Free Plasmid Maxi Kit 12362 or CsCl gradient).\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Digest ~50 \u00b5g of plasmid with appropriate restriction enzyme, removing as much vector sequences as possible from the insert as they could inhibit the expression of transgene and may be toxic to the zygotes. Run a minigel to check the digest.\r\nNote: If the transgene insert size is similar to the vector size, add enzyme cutting the vector<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Run DNA digest on 0.6% TAE gel overnight to isolate fragment of interest.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Excise band using hand-held UV lamp (long wavelength) in as small a band as is possible.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Prepare dialysis tubing. Cut an appropriate length, rinse thoroughly with distilled water, clamp off one end with dialysis clip.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fill tubing with TE &#8211; so that the TE brims over the top and holds the tubing open and insert the gel.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Empty the tubing of all but about one ml of the TE. Be careful not to introduce air bubbles and clamp off other end of tubing.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Return to electrophoresis chamber and run at about 100 volts for about one hour (depending on the size of the fragment.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Check with hand-held UV (long wave) to see that DNA is out of the gel.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reverse the electrodes on the chamber and run for 5 seconds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Remove the TE with DNA from the bag, wash down sides of bag with another ml of TE and collect eluted DNA in a 15 ml conical on ice.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Elutip-D Columns Purification<\/h2>\r\nPrepare the elutip as follows: (always detach column before filling syringe, never put back pressure on column)\r\n<ol class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Cut off the tip close to the white disc (end of matrix)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Push 2 ml of the high salt 1 solution through the elutip<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Push 5 ml of the low salt 2 solution through the elutip<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Fill syringe with DNA solution and slowly pass through column (one drop\/5 sec), collect eluate in 15 ml conical tube.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Reload eluate into syringe and pass through column a second time.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Pass 2-3 ml of low salt solution through the column.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Put 0.4 ml of high salt solution into 3 ml syringe &#8211; make sure that there is about a ml of air in the syringe barrel as well.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Run the high salt solution into the column until the first drop appears at the tip, wait 2-5 minutes and then flush the remaining high salt through, collecting all the eluate in a 1.5 ml eppi.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add 1ml absolute ethanol to tube, mix well, place on ice for more than 15 minutes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spin in refrigerated microfuge for 20 minutes, wash pellet in 70% EtOH and respin, resuspend pellet in 100 ul of TE.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table class=\"gridtable\" border=\"1\" width=\"80%\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Low Salt Solution<\/th>\r\n<th>High Salt Solution<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>0.2M NaCl<\/td>\r\n<td>1.0 M NaCl<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>20mM Tris pH 7.5<\/td>\r\n<td>20mM Tris pH 7.5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1mM EDTA<\/td>\r\n<td>1mM EDTA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>GeneClean<\/h2>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Add 3 volumes of NaI solution to tube.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add glassmilk. Make sure glass powder is thoroughly resuspended. Add 5 \u00b5l for 5\u00b5g DNA and add 1 \u00b5l for each additional 0.5 \u00b5g DNA.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mix every 2-3 minutes over the course of 15 minutes at room temperature.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spin down glassmilk: 3000 rpm for 3 minutes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Remove supernatant and resuspend pellet in 1 ml NEWash, transfer to eppindorf.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spind down glassmilk in microfuge for 5 seconds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Wash two more times with NEWash, making sure that pellet is resuspended at each wash.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Add about 100 \u00b5l of TGTE to pellet, resuspend, and incubate at 55 degrees for 2-3 minutes.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Spin down glassmilk and remove supernatant (now containing DNA) to clean eppi.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>TGTE<\/h2>\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>10 mM Tris-HCl pH= 7.5<\/li>\r\n \t<li>0.15 mM EDTA<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPrepared in high quality water (Sigma W 1503) from\r\n1M Tris- HCl stock (Sigma T2663) and 0.5 M EDTA stock (Sigma E7889)\r\n<ul class=\"indent\">\r\n \t<li>Determine the concentration on a standard UV spectrophotometer at 260\/280 nm<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Run a minigel with molecular weight markers of known concentration and compare staining intensities.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n<hr \/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<h2>Equipment<\/h2>\r\n<p>Nikon Eclipse TE 300 and Diaphot 300 Inverted Microscopes<br>\r\nNikon SMZ1000 Dissection Microscopes<br>\r\nOlympus CKX31 and SZX7 microscopes<br>\r\nNarishige MO-188 and MN-188 hydraulic micromanipulators<br>\r\nHamilton Thorne XYCLone Laser System<br>\r\nEppendorf PiezoXpert Microinjector<br>\r\nNanoDrop 2000 Spectrophotometer<br>\r\nVibration-free Tables<br>\r\nPLI-90 Microinjectors<br>\r\nSutter Instrument P-97 Pipette Puller<br>\r\nAlcatel Microforge<br>\r\nMyCycler System<br>\r\nBio-Rad Gene Pulser Electroporator<br>\r\nVAPRO Vapor Pressure Osmometer<br>\r\nBench shaker<br>\r\nForma 3110 CO2 Incubators with copper interior<br>\r\nNuair 425-400 HEPA filter vertical laminar flow hoods<br>\r\nBio Cool III Controlled-rate Freezer<br>\r\n-80\u00b0C freezer<br>\r\n-20\u00b0C freezer<br>\r\nMVE 600 liquid nitrogen cryo-preservation storage systems<br>\r\nUVP Biodoc-It Image system<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":78,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"template-core-facilities-resources.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"folder":[566],"class_list":["post-5425","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Instrumentation &amp; 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