{"id":53801,"date":"2025-07-09T12:14:14","date_gmt":"2025-07-09T19:14:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&p=53801"},"modified":"2025-07-09T15:21:47","modified_gmt":"2025-07-09T22:21:47","slug":"from-injury-to-agony-scientists-discover-brain-pathway-that-turns-pain-into-suffering","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/from-injury-to-agony-scientists-discover-brain-pathway-that-turns-pain-into-suffering\/","title":{"rendered":"De la lesi\u00f3n a la agon\u00eda: Cient\u00edficos descubren una v\u00eda cerebral que convierte el dolor en sufrimiento"},"content":{"rendered":"

LA JOLLA\u2014El dolor no es solo una sensaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica, tambi\u00e9n conlleva un peso emocional. Esa angustia, aflicci\u00f3n y ansiedad pueden convertir una lesi\u00f3n pasajera en un sufrimiento a largo plazo.<\/p>\n

Investigadores del Instituto Salk han identificado ahora un circuito cerebral que da a la molestia f\u00edsica su tono emocional, revelando un nuevo objetivo potencial para tratar afecciones de dolor cr\u00f3nico y afectivo como la fibromialgia, la migra\u00f1a y el trastorno de estr\u00e9s postraum\u00e1tico (TEPT).<\/p>\n

Publicado el 9 de julio de 2025, en Actas de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias<\/em><\/a>, el estudio identifica un grupo de neuronas en un \u00e1rea central del cerebro llamada t\u00e1lamo que parece mediar la parte emocional o afectivo <\/em>lado del dolor en ratones. Esta nueva v\u00eda desaf\u00eda la comprensi\u00f3n tradicional de c\u00f3mo se procesa el dolor en el cerebro y el cuerpo.<\/p>\n

\"From<\/a>
De izquierda a derecha: Sukjae Kang y Sung Han
Haga clic aqu\u00ed<\/a> para obtener una imagen en alta resoluci\u00f3n.
Cr\u00e9dito: Instituto Salk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cDurante d\u00e9cadas, la visi\u00f3n predominante fue que el cerebro procesa los aspectos sensoriales y emocionales del dolor a trav\u00e9s de v\u00edas separadas\u201d, dice el autor principal. Sung Han<\/a>, profesor asociado y titular de la C\u00e1tedra Pioneer Fund Developmental Chair en Salk. \u201cPero ha habido debate sobre si la v\u00eda del dolor sensorial podr\u00eda tambi\u00e9n contribuir al lado emocional del dolor. Nuestro estudio proporciona evidencia s\u00f3lida de que una rama de la v\u00eda del dolor sensorial media directamente la experiencia afectiva del dolor\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n

La sensaci\u00f3n f\u00edsica del dolor es lo que te permite detectarlo de inmediato, evaluar su intensidad e identificar su fuente. La parte afectiva del dolor es lo que lo hace tan desagradable. Esta incomodidad emocional te motiva a tomar acci\u00f3n y te ayuda a aprender a asociar sentimientos negativos con la situaci\u00f3n para que puedas evitarla en el futuro.<\/p>\n

Esta es una distinci\u00f3n cr\u00edtica. La mayor\u00eda de las personas empiezan a percibir el dolor a las mismas intensidades de est\u00edmulo, lo que significa que todos procesamos el lado sensorial del dolor de manera bastante similar. En comparaci\u00f3n, nuestra capacidad de tolerar <\/em>El dolor var\u00eda enormemente. Cu\u00e1nto sufrimos o nos sentimos amenazados por el dolor est\u00e1 determinado por nuestro procesamiento afectivo, y si este se vuelve demasiado sensible o dura demasiado, puede resultar en un trastorno del dolor. Esto hace que sea importante comprender qu\u00e9 partes del cerebro controlan estas diferentes dimensiones del dolor.<\/p>\n

Se pensaba que el dolor sensorial era mediado por el tracto espinotal\u00e1mico, una v\u00eda que env\u00eda se\u00f1ales de dolor de la m\u00e9dula espinal al t\u00e1lamo, el cual luego las retransmite a las \u00e1reas de procesamiento sensorial en todo el cerebro.<\/p>\n

Generalmente se pensaba que el dolor afectivo era mediado por una segunda v\u00eda llamada tracto espinoparabraquial, el cual env\u00eda informaci\u00f3n del dolor desde la m\u00e9dula espinal hacia el tronco encef\u00e1lico.<\/p>\n

Sin embargo, estudios previos que utilizaron m\u00e9todos de investigaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s antiguos sugirieron que el circuito del dolor podr\u00eda ser m\u00e1s complejo. Este debate de larga data inspir\u00f3 a Han y su equipo a reexaminar la cuesti\u00f3n con herramientas de investigaci\u00f3n modernas.<\/p>\n

Mediante t\u00e9cnicas avanzadas para manipular la actividad de c\u00e9lulas cerebrales espec\u00edficas, los investigadores descubrieron una nueva v\u00eda espinotal\u00e1mica en ratones. En este circuito, las se\u00f1ales de dolor se env\u00edan desde la m\u00e9dula espinal a una parte diferente del t\u00e1lamo, que tiene conexiones con la am\u00edgdala, el centro de procesamiento emocional del cerebro. Este grupo particular de neuronas en el t\u00e1lamo se puede identificar por su expresi\u00f3n de CGRP (p\u00e9ptido relacionado con el gen de la calcitonina), un neurop\u00e9ptido descubierto originalmente en el profesor Ronald Evans<\/a>\u2019laboratorio en Salk.<\/p>\n

\"CGRP-expressing<\/a>
Neuronas que expresan CGRP (en verde) en el n\u00facleo subparafascicular (SPFp) parvocelular del t\u00e1lamo.
Haga clic aqu\u00ed<\/a> para obtener una imagen en alta resoluci\u00f3n.
Cr\u00e9dito: Instituto Salk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Cuando los investigadores \u201capagaron\u201d (silenciaron gen\u00e9ticamente) estas neuronas CGRP, los ratones a\u00fan reaccionaban a est\u00edmulos de dolor leves, como el calor o la presi\u00f3n, lo que indica que su procesamiento sensorial estaba intacto. Sin embargo, no parec\u00edan asociar sentimientos negativos duraderos con estas situaciones, sin mostrar ning\u00fan comportamiento de miedo o evitaci\u00f3n aprendido en pruebas futuras. Por otro lado, cuando estas mismas neuronas se \u201cencendieron\u201d (se activaron optogen\u00e9ticamente), los ratones mostraron claros signos de angustia y aprendieron a evitar esa \u00e1rea, incluso cuando no se hab\u00edan utilizado est\u00edmulos de dolor.<\/p>\n

\u201cEl procesamiento del dolor no se trata solo de que los nervios detecten el dolor; se trata de que el cerebro decida cu\u00e1nto importa ese dolor\u201d, dice el primer autor Sukjae Kang, un asociado principal de investigaci\u00f3n en el laboratorio de Han. \u201cComprender la biolog\u00eda detr\u00e1s de estos dos procesos distintos nos ayudar\u00e1 a encontrar tratamientos para los tipos de dolor que no responden a los medicamentos tradicionales\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n

Muchas afecciones de dolor cr\u00f3nico \u2014como la fibromialgia y la migra\u00f1a\u2014 implican experiencias de dolor largas, intensas y desagradables, a menudo sin una causa f\u00edsica o lesi\u00f3n claras. Algunos pacientes tambi\u00e9n reportan una sensibilidad extrema a est\u00edmulos comunes como la luz, el sonido o el tacto, que otros no percibir\u00edan como dolorosos.<\/p>\n

Han dice que la sobreactivaci\u00f3n de la v\u00eda espinotal\u00e1mica del CGRP puede contribuir a estas afecciones al hacer que el cerebro malinterprete o reaccione de forma exagerada a los est\u00edmulos sensoriales. De hecho, el an\u00e1lisis transcript\u00f3mico de las neuronas del CGRP mostr\u00f3 que expresan muchos de los genes asociados con la migra\u00f1a y otros trastornos del dolor.<\/p>\n

Cabe destacar que varios bloqueadores de CGRP ya se utilizan para tratar migra\u00f1as. Este estudio podr\u00eda ayudar a explicar por qu\u00e9 funcionan estos medicamentos y podr\u00eda inspirar nuevos tratamientos no adictivos para trastornos de dolor afectivo.<\/p>\n

Han tambi\u00e9n ve relevancia potencial para afecciones psiqui\u00e1tricas que implican una mayor percepci\u00f3n de la amenaza, como el trastorno de estr\u00e9s postraum\u00e1tico (TEPT). La creciente evidencia de su laboratorio sugiere que la v\u00eda del dolor afectivo mediada por CGRP act\u00faa como parte del sistema de alarma m\u00e1s amplio del cerebro, detectando y respondiendo no solo al dolor, sino a una amplia gama de sensaciones desagradables. Silenciar esta v\u00eda con bloqueadores de CGRP podr\u00eda ofrecer un nuevo enfoque para aliviar el miedo, la evitaci\u00f3n y la hipervigilancia en los trastornos relacionados con el trauma.<\/p>\n

Es importante destacar que la relaci\u00f3n entre la v\u00eda del CGRP y el dolor psicol\u00f3gico asociado con experiencias sociales como el duelo, la soledad y el desamor a\u00fan no est\u00e1 clara y requiere m\u00e1s estudio.<\/p>\n

\u201cNuestro descubrimiento de la v\u00eda del dolor afectivo del CGRP nos brinda una explicaci\u00f3n a nivel molecular y de circuitos para la diferencia entre detecci\u00f3n<\/em> dolor f\u00edsico y sufrimiento<\/em> \u201dpor eso\u201c, dice Han. \u201dEstamos emocionados de seguir explorando este camino y posibilitar futuras terapias que puedan reducir este sufrimiento\".\u201d<\/p>\n

Otros autores incluyen a Shijia Liu, Jong-Hyun Kim, Dong-Il Kim, Tae Gyu Oh, Jiahang Peng, Mao Ye, Kuo-Fen Lee, Ronald M. Evans y Martyn Goulding del Salk.<\/p>\n

El trabajo fue financiado por los Institutos Nacionales de Salud Mental (subvenci\u00f3n BRAINS 1R01MH116203) y la Fundaci\u00f3n Simons (premio Bridge to Independence SFARI #388708).<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":53805,"template":"","faculty":[294],"disease-research":[458,124,465,464],"class_list":["post-53801","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-sung-han","disease-research-anxiety","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders","disease-research-pain","disease-research-perception"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFrom injury to agony: Scientists discover brain pathway that turns pain into suffering - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/from-injury-to-agony-scientists-discover-brain-pathway-that-turns-pain-into-suffering\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_MX\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"From injury to agony: Scientists discover brain pathway that turns pain into suffering - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014Pain isn\u2019t just a physical sensation\u2014it also carries emotional weight. 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