{"id":30550,"date":"2021-04-22T00:00:32","date_gmt":"2021-04-22T07:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&p=30550"},"modified":"2024-01-30T14:35:04","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T22:35:04","slug":"researchers-trace-spinal-neuron-family-tree","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/researchers-trace-spinal-neuron-family-tree\/","title":{"rendered":"Investigadores rastrean el \u00e1rbol geneal\u00f3gico de las neuronas espinales"},"content":{"rendered":"

LA JOLLA\u2014Las c\u00e9lulas nerviosas de la m\u00e9dula espinal que se ramifican por el cuerpo se asemejan a \u00e1rboles con ramas que se extienden en todas direcciones. Pero esta imagen tambi\u00e9n puede utilizarse para contar la historia de c\u00f3mo estas neuronas, con trabajos cada vez m\u00e1s especializados con el tiempo, surgieron a trav\u00e9s de la historia evolutiva y del desarrollo. Por primera vez, investigadores del Salk han rastreado el desarrollo de las neuronas de la m\u00e9dula espinal utilizando firmas gen\u00e9ticas y han revelado c\u00f3mo diferentes subtipos de estas c\u00e9lulas pudieron haber evolucionado y, en \u00faltima instancia, funcionar para regular los movimientos de nuestro cuerpo.<\/p>\n

Los hallazgos, publicados en la revista Ciencia<\/em><\/a> el 23 de abril de 2021, ofrecer a los investigadores nuevas formas de clasificar y etiquetar subconjuntos de c\u00e9lulas de la m\u00e9dula espinal para su estudio posterior, utilizando marcadores gen\u00e9ticos que diferencian las ramas del \u00e1rbol geneal\u00f3gico de las c\u00e9lulas.<\/p>\n

\"Researchers
Los investigadores descubrieron un marcador gen\u00e9tico que difer\u00eda entre las neuronas de la m\u00e9dula espinal que solo ten\u00edan conexiones cortas (verdes) y aquellas que ten\u00edan conexiones de mayor alcance (p\u00farpuras).
Haz clic aqu\u00ed para ver una imagen de alta resoluci\u00f3n.<\/a>
Cr\u00e9dito: Instituto Salk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cUn estudio como este brinda las primeras herramientas moleculares para que los cient\u00edficos puedan estudiar la funci\u00f3n de las neuronas de la m\u00e9dula espinal de una manera mucho m\u00e1s precisa de lo que jam\u00e1s lo han hecho antes\u201d, dice el autor principal del estudio. Samuel Pfaff<\/a>, profesor de Salk y titular de la C\u00e1tedra Benjamin H. Lewis. \u201cEsto tambi\u00e9n tiene implicaciones para el tratamiento de lesiones en la m\u00e9dula espinal\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n

Las neuronas espinales son responsables de transmitir mensajes entre la m\u00e9dula espinal y el resto del cuerpo. Los investigadores que estudian las neuronas espinales han clasificado t\u00edpicamente las c\u00e9lulas en \u201cclases cardinales\u201d, que describen d\u00f3nde aparecen por primera vez cada tipo de neurona en la m\u00e9dula espinal durante el desarrollo fetal. Pero, en un adulto, las neuronas dentro de una misma clase cardinal tienen funciones y caracter\u00edsticas moleculares variadas. Estudiar peque\u00f1os subconjuntos de estas c\u00e9lulas para desentra\u00f1ar su diversidad ha sido dif\u00edcil. Sin embargo, comprender estas distinciones de subconjuntos es crucial para ayudar a los investigadores a entender c\u00f3mo las neuronas de la m\u00e9dula espinal controlan los movimientos y qu\u00e9 sale mal en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas o en las lesiones de la m\u00e9dula espinal.<\/p>\n

\u201cSe sabe desde hace mucho tiempo que las clases cardinales, por \u00fatiles que sean, son incompletas para describir la diversidad de neuronas en la m\u00e9dula espinal\u201d, dice Peter Osseward, un estudiante de posgrado del laboratorio de Pfaff y coautor principal del nuevo art\u00edculo, junto con el exestudiante de posgrado Marito Hayashi, ahora investigador postdoctoral en la Universidad de Harvard.<\/p>\n

Pfaff, Osseward y Hayashi recurrieron a tecnolog\u00edas de secuenciaci\u00f3n de ARN de c\u00e9lula \u00fanica para analizar las diferencias en los genes que se activaban en casi 7.000 neuronas espinales de ratones. Utilizaron estos datos para agrupar las c\u00e9lulas en c\u00famulos estrechamente relacionados, de la misma manera que los cient\u00edficos podr\u00edan agrupar organismos relacionados en un \u00e1rbol geneal\u00f3gico.<\/p>\n

El primer patr\u00f3n importante de expresi\u00f3n g\u00e9nica que observaron dividi\u00f3 las neuronas espinales en dos ramas: neuronas relacionadas con la sensibilidad (que transportan informaci\u00f3n sobre el entorno a trav\u00e9s de la m\u00e9dula espinal) y neuronas relacionadas con el movimiento (que transportan \u00f3rdenes motoras a trav\u00e9s de la m\u00e9dula espinal). Esto sugiere que, en un organismo antiguo, uno de los primeros pasos en la evoluci\u00f3n de la m\u00e9dula espinal pudo haber sido una divisi\u00f3n del trabajo de las neuronas espinales en roles motores frente a sensoriales, dice Pfaff.<\/p>\n

Cuando el equipo analiz\u00f3 las siguientes ramas del \u00e1rbol geneal\u00f3gico, descubri\u00f3 que las neuronas relacionadas con los sentidos se divid\u00edan en neuronas excitatorias e inhibitorias, una divisi\u00f3n que describe c\u00f3mo la neurona env\u00eda informaci\u00f3n. Pero cuando los investigadores observaron las neuronas relacionadas con el movimiento, encontraron una divisi\u00f3n m\u00e1s sorprendente: las c\u00e9lulas se agruparon en dos grupos distintos bas\u00e1ndose en un nuevo marcador gen\u00e9tico. Cuando el equipo ti\u00f1\u00f3 las c\u00e9lulas pertenecientes a cada grupo en la m\u00e9dula espinal, qued\u00f3 claro que los marcadores diferenciaban las neuronas seg\u00fan tuvieran conexiones de largo o corto alcance en el cuerpo. Experimentos posteriores revelaron que los patrones gen\u00e9ticos espec\u00edficos de las propiedades de largo y corto alcance eran comunes en todas las clases cardinales probadas.<\/p>\n

\u201cLa suposici\u00f3n en el campo era que las reglas gen\u00e9ticas para especificar neuronas de largo alcance versus las de corto alcance ser\u00edan espec\u00edficas para cada clase cardinal\u201d, dicen Osseward y Hayashi. \u201cAs\u00ed que fue realmente interesante ver que en realidad trascend\u00eda la clase cardinal\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n

La observaci\u00f3n fue m\u00e1s que interesante, result\u00f3 ser \u00fatil tambi\u00e9n. Anteriormente, se pod\u00edan necesitar muchas etiquetas gen\u00e9ticas diferentes para acotar un tipo neuronal en particular que un investigador quisiera estudiar. El uso de tantos marcadores es t\u00e9cnicamente desafiante y en gran medida imped\u00eda que los investigadores estudiaran solo un subtipo de neurona de la m\u00e9dula espinal a la vez.<\/p>\n

Con las nuevas reglas, solo se pueden usar dos marcadores \u2014un marcador previamente conocido para la clase cardinal y el marcador gen\u00e9tico reci\u00e9n descubierto para propiedades de largo o corto alcance\u2014 para identificar poblaciones de neuronas muy espec\u00edficas. Esto es \u00fatil, por ejemplo, para estudiar qu\u00e9 grupos de neuronas se ven afectados por una lesi\u00f3n de la m\u00e9dula espinal o una enfermedad neurodegenerativa y, eventualmente, c\u00f3mo regenerar esas c\u00e9lulas particulares.<\/p>\n

El origen evolutivo del \u00e1rbol geneal\u00f3gico de neuronas espinales estudiado en el nuevo art\u00edculo es probablemente muy antiguo porque los marcadores gen\u00e9ticos que descubrieron se conservan en muchas especies, dicen los investigadores. Por lo tanto, aunque no estudiaron neuronas espinales de animales distintos a los ratones, predicen que los mismos patrones gen\u00e9ticos se ver\u00edan en la mayor\u00eda de los animales vivos con m\u00e9dula espinal.<\/p>\n

\u201cEsto es material primordial, relevante para todo, desde anfibios hasta humanos\u201d, dice Pfaff. \u201cY en el contexto de la evoluci\u00f3n, estos patrones gen\u00e9ticos nos dicen qu\u00e9 tipo de neuronas podr\u00edan haber existido en algunos de los organismos m\u00e1s tempranos\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n

Otros de los autores del estudio fueron Neal Amin, Benjamin Temple, Bianca Barriga, Lukas Bachmann, Fernando Beltran, Miriam Gullo, Robert Clark y Shawn Driscoll, del Salk; y Jeffrey Moore, de la Universidad de Harvard. El trabajo fue financiado por subvenciones del Howard Hughes Medical Institute, la Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation, el Sol Goldman Charitable Trust y los National Institutes of Health.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":30572,"template":"","faculty":[106],"disease-research":[333,124],"class_list":["post-30550","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-samuel-pfaff","disease-research-genetics","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nResearchers trace spinal neuron family tree - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/researchers-trace-spinal-neuron-family-tree\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_MX\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Researchers trace spinal neuron family tree - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014Spinal cord nerve cells branching through the body resemble trees with limbs fanning out in every direction. 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