{"id":23004,"date":"2019-06-06T00:00:05","date_gmt":"2019-06-06T07:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&#038;p=23004"},"modified":"2024-01-30T14:55:33","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T22:55:33","slug":"how-old-are-your-organs-to-scientists-surprise-organs-are-a-mix-of-young-and-old-cells","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/how-old-are-your-organs-to-scientists-surprise-organs-are-a-mix-of-young-and-old-cells\/","title":{"rendered":"How old are your organs? To scientists\u2019 surprise, organs are a mix of young and old cells"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>LA JOLLA\u2014Scientists once thought that neurons, or possibly heart cells, were the oldest cells in the body. Now, Salk Institute researchers have discovered that the mouse brain, liver and pancreas contain populations of cells and proteins with extremely long lifespans\u2014some as old as neurons. The findings, demonstrating \u201cage mosaicism,\u201d were published in <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.010\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Metabolismo celular<\/em><\/a> on June 6, 2019. The team&#8217;s methods could be applied to nearly any tissue in the body to provide valuable information about lifelong function of non-dividing cells and how cells lose control over the quality and integrity of proteins and important cell structures during aging.<\/p>\n<div class=\"row\" style=\"\"><div class=\"col-md-12 col-md-push-0\"><div class=\"video-anchor\" id=\"video-1dP5XB54YZ0\"><\/div><div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\"> <iframe class=\"embed-responsive-item\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1dP5XB54YZ0?rel=0\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><!-- .embed-responsive --><\/div><!-- .col-md-*size --><\/div><!-- .\/row -->\n<p>\u201cWe were quite surprised to find cellular structures that are essentially as old as the organism they reside in,\u201d says Salk Vice President, Chief Science Officer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/scientist\/martin-hetzer\/\">Mart\u00edn Hetzer<\/a>, senior author and professor. &#8220;This suggests even greater cellular complexity than we previously imagined and has intriguing implications for how we think about the aging of organs, such as the brain, heart and pancreas.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Most neurons in the brain do not divide during adulthood and thus experience a long lifespan and age-related decline. Yet, largely due to technical limitations, the lifespan of cells outside of the brain was difficult to determine.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23019\"  class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"370\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-23019 size-col-md-5\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hetzer-science-image-hr-458x370.jpg\" alt=\"Isotope imaging of different cells inside an islet of Langerhans within the pancreas. Older cells have a yellow-to-pink color scheme, while younger cells exhibit a blue-to-green color pattern.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hetzer-science-image-hr-458x370.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hetzer-science-image-hr-300x242.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hetzer-science-image-hr-147x119.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hetzer-science-image-hr-585x473.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hetzer-science-image-hr-553x447.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hetzer-science-image-hr-400x323.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hetzer-science-image-hr.jpg 687w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Isotope imaging of different cells inside an islet of Langerhans within the pancreas. Older cells have a yellow-to-pink color scheme, while younger cells exhibit a blue-to-green color pattern.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Hetzer-science-image-hr.jpg\">Haga clic aqu\u00ed<\/a> para obtener una imagen en alta resoluci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>Cr\u00e9dito: Instituto Salk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cBiologists have asked\u2014how old are cells in an organism? There is this general idea that neurons are old, while other cells in the body are relatively young and regenerate throughout the organism\u2019s lifetime,\u201d says Rafael Arrojo e Drigo, first author and Salk staff scientist. \u201cWe set out to see if it was possible that certain organs also have cells that were as long-lived as neurons in the brain.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Since the researchers knew that most neurons are not replaced during the lifespan, they used them as an \u201cage baseline\u201d to compare other non-dividing cells. The team combined electron isotope labeling with a hybrid imaging method (MIMS-EM) to visualize and quantify cell and protein age and turnover in the brain, pancreas and liver in young and old rodent models.<\/p>\n<p>To validate their method, the scientists first determined the age of the neurons, and found that\u2014as suspected\u2014they were as old as the organism. Yet, surprisingly, the cells that line blood vessels, called endothelial cells, were also as old as neurons. This means that some non-neuronal cells do not replicate or replace themselves throughout the lifespan.<\/p>\n<p>The pancreas, an organ responsible for maintaining blood sugar levels and secreting digestive enzymes, also showed cells of varying ages. A small portion of the pancreas, known as the islets of Langerhans, appeared to the researchers as a puzzle of interconnected young and old cells. Some beta cells, which release insulin, replicated throughout the lifetime and were relatively young, while some did not divide and were long-lived, similar to neurons. Yet another type of cell, called delta cells, did not divide at all. The pancreas was a striking example of age mosaicism, i.e., a population of identical cells that are distinguished by their lifespans.<\/p>\n<p>Prior studies have suggested that the liver has the capacity to regenerate during adulthood, so the researchers selected this organ expecting to observe relatively young liver cells. To their surprise, the vast majority of liver cells in healthy adult mice were found to be as old as the animal, while cells that line blood vessels, and stellate-like cells, another liver cell type, were much shorter lived. Thus, unexpectedly, the liver also demonstrated age mosaicism, which points to potential new paths of regenerative research for this organ.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23020\"  class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"305\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-23020 size-col-md-5\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-458x305.jpg\" alt=\"From left: Rafael Arrojo e Drigo and Martin W. Hetzer\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-458x305.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-147x98.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-585x390.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-553x369.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-750x500.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-767x511.jpg 767w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-945x630.jpg 945w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-1250x833.jpg 1250w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left: Rafael Arrojo e Drigo and Martin W. Hetzer<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/PR_Hetzer_CellMetab_hr.jpg\">Haga clic aqu\u00ed<\/a> for a high-resolution image<\/p>\n<p>Cr\u00e9dito: Instituto Salk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>On a molecular scale, a selection of the observed long-lived cells contained protein complexes displaying age mosaicism. For example, the primary cilia (hair-like appendages on the outside of cells) of beta cells in the pancreas and neurons contained protein regions of vastly different lifespans. In stark contrast, the cells in the liver contained no long-lived proteins at all.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThanks to new visualizing technologies we are able to pinpoint the age of cells and their supramolecular complexes more accurately than ever before. This opens new doors for studying all cells, tissues and organs in normal and in disease states,\u201d says Mark Ellisman, Distinguished Professor of Neurosciences at UC San Diego\u2019s School of Medicine and co-leader of the study with Hetzer. His laboratory, the National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, developed and provided the new tissue imaging methods for correlated multi-scale and multi-modal microscopy. These methods provided the new and enabling technologies that allowed this study to be carried out.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cDetermining the age of cells and subcellular structures in adult organisms will provide new insights into cell maintenance and repair mechanisms and the impact of cumulative changes during adulthood on health and development of disease,\u201d adds Hetzer. \u201cThe ultimate goal is to utilize these mechanisms to prevent or delay age-related decline of organs with limited cell renewal.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Next, the authors plan to decipher the difference in lifespans for nucleic acids and lipids. They also want to understand how age mosaicism relates to health and diseases such as type 2 diabetes.<\/p>\n<p>Other authors included Swati Tyagi of Salk; Varda Lev-ram, Ranjan Ramachandra, Thomas Deerinck, Eric Bushong and Sebastien Phan of UC San Diego; Victoria Orphan of the California Institute of Technology; and Claude Lechene of Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital.<\/p>\n<p>The work was funded by the National Institutes of Health (R01 NS096786, NINDS NIH RO1 NS027177-30, NIGMS 5P41 GM103412-29), the Keck Foundation, the NOMIS Foundation, the U.S. Department of Energy (DE-SC0016469), NINDS Neuroscience Core (NS072031), the Waitt Foundation, the Chapman Foundation, the Helmsley Charitable Trust, an American Diabetes Association postdoctoral fellowship (#1-18-PMF-007) and The Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility of the Institut Curie (PICT), a member of the France BioImaging National Infrastructure (ANR-10-INBS-04).<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":23017,"template":"","faculty":[86],"disease-research":[146],"class_list":["post-23004","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-martin-hetzer","disease-research-aging-and-regenerative-medicine"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How old are your organs? To scientists\u2019 surprise, organs are a mix of young and old cells - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/how-old-are-your-organs-to-scientists-surprise-organs-are-a-mix-of-young-and-old-cells\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_MX\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"How old are your organs? To scientists\u2019 surprise, organs are a mix of young and old cells - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014Scientists once thought that neurons, or possibly heart cells, were the oldest cells in the body. Now, Salk Institute researchers have discovered that the mouse brain, liver and pancreas contain populations of cells and proteins with extremely long lifespans\u2014some as old as neurons. The findings, demonstrating \u201cage mosaicism,\u201d were published in Cell Metabolism on June 6, 2019. 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To scientists\u2019 surprise, organs are a mix of young and old cells","line_2":"Salk scientists discover cellular structures with extreme longevity, leading to insights for age-associated diseases","poster_quote":"","paper_url":"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.05.010","journal_title":"Cell Metabolism","paper_author_list":"Rafael Arrojo e Drigo, Varda Lev-ram, Swati Tyagi, Ranjan Ramachandra, Thomas Deerinck, Eric Bushong, Sebastien Phan, Victoria Orphan, Claude Lechene, Mark H. Ellisman and Martin W. 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