{"id":22194,"date":"2019-03-22T10:17:21","date_gmt":"2019-03-22T17:17:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&p=22194"},"modified":"2024-01-30T14:57:37","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T22:57:37","slug":"when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/","title":{"rendered":"When neurons are out of shape, antidepressants may not work"},"content":{"rendered":"

LA JOLLA\u2014Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed medication for major depressive disorder (MDD), yet scientists still do not understand why the treatment does not work in nearly thirty percent of patients with MDD. Now, Salk Institute researchers have discovered differences in growth patterns of neurons of SSRI-resistant patients. The work, published in Molecular Psychiatry<\/em><\/a> on March 22, 2019, has implications for depression as well as other psychiatric conditions such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia that likely also involve abnormalities of the serotonin system in the brain.<\/p>\n

\"Human
Human serotonergic neuron projections (red) and cell bodies (green).<\/p>\n

Haga clic aqu\u00ed<\/a> para obtener una imagen en alta resoluci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Cr\u00e9dito: Instituto Salk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cWith each new study, we move closer to a fuller understanding of the complex neural circuitry underlying neuropsychiatric diseases, including major depression,\u201d says Salk Professor\u00a0Rusty Gage<\/a>, the study\u2019s senior author, president of the Institute, and the Vi and John Adler Chair for Research on Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disease. “This paper, along with another we recently published, not only provides insights into this common treatment, but also suggests that other drugs, such as serotonergic antagonists, could be additional options for some patients.”<\/p>\n

The cause of depression is still unknown, but scientists believe the disease is partly linked to the serotonergic circuit in the brain. This is largely because SSRIs, which increase levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin at neuron connections, help alleviate the symptoms of many people diagnosed with depression. Yet, the mechanism of why some people respond to SSRIs, while others do not, remains a mystery. Unraveling the puzzle of SSRI resistance has been challenging because it requires studying the 300,000 neurons that use the neurotransmitter serotonin for communication within a brain of 100 billion total neurons. One way scientists have recently overcome this obstacle is to generate these serotonergic neurons in the lab.<\/p>\n

The team’s previous paper in Molecular Psychiatry<\/em><\/a> showed that SSRI non-responders had increased receptors for serotonin, which made the neurons hyperactive in response to serotonin. The current paper wanted to examine SSRI non-responders from a different angle.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe wanted to know if serotonin biochemistry, gene expression and circuitry were altered in SSRI non-responders compared to responders using serotonergic neurons derived from MDD patients,\u201d says Krishna Vadodaria, a Salk staff scientist and first author of the new paper. “Using neurons derived from actual MDD patients provides a novel representation of how SSRI responders compare to non-responders.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"From
From left: Amy Le, Kelly Heard, Rusty Gage, Krishna Vadodaria and Carol Marchetto. <\/p>\n

Haga clic aqu\u00ed<\/a> para obtener una imagen en alta resoluci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Cr\u00e9dito: Instituto Salk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

From a large-scale clinical study of 800 MDD patients, the researchers selected the most extreme cases of SSRI response\u2014patients who drastically improved when taking SSRIs, and patients who saw no effect. The team took skin samples from these patients and reprogrammed the cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in order to create serotonergic neurons that they could study.<\/p>\n

The scientists examined serotonin targets in patient serotonergic neurons, including the enzyme that makes serotonin, the protein that transports it, and the enzyme that breaks it down, but found no differences in biochemistry interactions between groups. Instead, the researchers observed a difference in how the neurons responded based on their shape.<\/p>\n

Neurons from SSRI non-responders had longer neuron projections than responders. Gene analysis revealed that the SSRI non-responders also had low levels of key genes (protocadherins PCDHA6 and PCDHA8) involved in forming neuronal circuits. When these genes were made non-functional in serotonergic neurons (mimicking the low gene levels previously observed), the neurons developed the same unusually long projections in the SSRI non-responders. These abnormal features could lead to too much neuronal communication in some areas of the brain and not enough in other parts, altering communication within the serotonergic circuitry and explaining why SSRIs do not always work to treat MDD.<\/p>\n

\u201cThese results contribute to a new way of examining, understanding, and addressing depression,\u201d says Gage.<\/p>\n

The next step is to examine the protocadherin genes to better understand the genetics of SSRI non-responders.<\/p>\n

Other authors included: Apua Paquola, Kelly J. Heard, Callie Fredlender, Yalin Deng, James Elkins, Komal Dani, Amy T. Le, and Maria C. Marchetto of Salk; Yuan Ji of the University of Utah; and Michelle Skime, Timothy Nelson, Daniel Hall-Flavin and Richard Weinshilboum of the Mayo Clinic<\/p>\n

This work was funded by the Robert and Mary Jane Engman Foundation, Lynn and Edward Streim, a Takeda-Sanford Consortium Innovation Alliance grant program (Takeda Pharmaceutical Company), the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), the Minnesota Partnership Award for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, the Mayo Clinic Center for Regenerative Medicine, the NIH-Mayo Clinic KL2 Mentored Career Development Award (NCAT UL1TR000135), the Gerstner Family Mayo Career Development Award in Individualized Medicine, and the National Institutes of Health (GM61388 PGRN and RO1 GM28157).<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":22196,"template":"","faculty":[76],"disease-research":[124],"class_list":["post-22194","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-rusty-gage","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWhen neurons are out of shape, antidepressants may not work - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_MX\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"When neurons are out of shape, antidepressants may not work - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed medication for major depressive disorder (MDD), yet scientists still do not understand why the treatment does not work in nearly thirty percent of patients with MDD. Now, Salk Institute researchers have discovered differences in growth patterns of neurons of SSRI-resistant patients. The work, published in Molecular Psychiatry on March 22, 2019, has implications for depression as well as other psychiatric conditions such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia that likely also involve abnormalities of the serotonin system in the brain.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-01-30T22:57:37+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Gage_scienceimage.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"787\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"787\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\\\/\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\\\/\",\"name\":\"When neurons are out of shape, antidepressants may not work - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\\\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/03\\\/Gage_scienceimage.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2019-03-22T17:17:21+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-30T22:57:37+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\\\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"es-MX\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\\\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es-MX\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\\\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/03\\\/Gage_scienceimage.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/03\\\/Gage_scienceimage.jpg\",\"width\":787,\"height\":787},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/news-release\\\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\\\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"When neurons are out of shape, antidepressants may not work\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/\",\"name\":\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\",\"description\":\"The Power of Science\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"es-MX\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"es-MX\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\",\"url\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/03\\\/salk_logo_696.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"http:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/03\\\/salk_logo_696.jpg\",\"width\":696,\"height\":696,\"caption\":\"Salk Institute for Biological Studies\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.salk.edu\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/logo\\\/image\\\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"When neurons are out of shape, antidepressants may not work - Salk Institute for Biological Studies","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/","og_locale":"es_MX","og_type":"article","og_title":"When neurons are out of shape, antidepressants may not work - Salk Institute for Biological Studies","og_description":"LA JOLLA\u2014Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are the most commonly prescribed medication for major depressive disorder (MDD), yet scientists still do not understand why the treatment does not work in nearly thirty percent of patients with MDD. Now, Salk Institute researchers have discovered differences in growth patterns of neurons of SSRI-resistant patients. The work, published in Molecular Psychiatry on March 22, 2019, has implications for depression as well as other psychiatric conditions such as bipolar disorder and schizophrenia that likely also involve abnormalities of the serotonin system in the brain.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/","og_site_name":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies","article_modified_time":"2024-01-30T22:57:37+00:00","og_image":[{"width":787,"height":787,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Gage_scienceimage.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Est. reading time":"5 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/","name":"When neurons are out of shape, antidepressants may not work - Salk Institute for Biological Studies","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Gage_scienceimage.jpg","datePublished":"2019-03-22T17:17:21+00:00","dateModified":"2024-01-30T22:57:37+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"es-MX","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"es-MX","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Gage_scienceimage.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Gage_scienceimage.jpg","width":787,"height":787},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/news-release\/when-neurons-are-out-of-shape-antidepressants-may-not-work\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"When neurons are out of shape, antidepressants may not work"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/","name":"Instituto Salk de Estudios Biol\u00f3gicos","description":"The Power of Science","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"es-MX"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#organization","name":"Instituto Salk de Estudios Biol\u00f3gicos","url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"es-MX","@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"http:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/salk_logo_696.jpg","contentUrl":"http:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/salk_logo_696.jpg","width":696,"height":696,"caption":"Salk Institute for Biological Studies"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"ACF":{"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/Gage_scienceimage-header.jpg","line_1":"When neurons are out of shape, antidepressants may not work","line_2":"Altered neuron growth and gene expression may be related to why some depressed individuals do not respond to SSRIs","poster_quote":"","paper_url":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41380-019-0377-5","journal_title":"Molecular Psychiatry","paper_author_list":"Krishna C. Vadodaria, Yuan Ji, Michelle Skime, Apua Paquola, Timothy Nelson, Daniel Hall-Flavin, Kelly J. Heard, Callie Fredlender, Yalin Deng, James Elkins, Komal Dani, Amy T. Le, Maria C. Marchetto, Richard Weinshilboum and Fred H. Gage","doi":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0377-5","paper_title":"Altered serotonergic circuitry in SSRI-resistant major depressive disorder patient-derived neurons","subhead":"Altered neuron growth and gene expression may be related to why some depressed individuals do not respond to SSRIs","home_photo":"","listing_photo":"","legacy_boilerplate":[],"hide_boilerplate":[],"disable_date":false,"listing_excerpt":"","descriptive_blurb":"","has_journal_cover":false,"og_image_override":false,"gallery":false},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disclosure\/22194","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disclosure"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/disclosure"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disclosure\/22194\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22203,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disclosure\/22194\/revisions\/22203"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/22196"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=22194"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"faculty","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/faculty?post=22194"},{"taxonomy":"disease-research","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/disease-research?post=22194"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}