John Reynolds<\/a>, Ph.D., an assistant professor in the Systems Neurobiology Laboratory who led the study. \"Our finding that a very small, but consistent, amount of time is required to compute a very simple conjunction is important because it places very tight limits on the amount of time that is available for the mechanisms that mediate this computation to operate.\" <\/p>\r\n\r\nTo measure the time required for integration, Clara Bodel\u00f3n, Ph.D., a mathematician in Reynolds' laboratory, painstakingly designed pairs of simple images \u2013 for example, a red vertical stripe pattern or a green horizontal pattern \u2013 which, when presented quickly enough, cancel one another and become invisible. (See figure).<\/p>\r\n\r\n
After securing the last eight computer monitors in the world that could actually present the stimuli quick enough to exceed the limits of perception (newer LCD monitors don't refresh the screen fast enough) and painstakingly calibrating the monitors to precisely control the activity of individual photoreceptors in the eye, the Salk researchers were ready to inch closer to answering an age-old and much-debated question: How do neurons communicate to give rise to our coherent perception of the world?<\/p>\r\n\r\n
At very high presentation rates, the stimuli were literally invisible. But when Bodel\u00f3n slowed the presentation rate, human observers could tell an image's orientation. Interestingly, when presentation rate was lowered even further, the test subjects could distinguish color and orientation but were unable to say which image \u2013 the vertical or horizontal one \u2013 was red or green. In other words, the brain could \"see\" both form and color but could not see how they were combined. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
Only after slowing presentation of the stimuli further could the observers accurately report color and orientation of individual objects, indicating that computing the overall meaning of all this visual input is a time-consuming process. Thus, the features of the stimulus were available to perception before they were \"bound\" together. Binding of features, however, required more time.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\"Nobody knew whether a separate computation step was necessary to integrate individual attributes of objects and, if so, how long it would take,\" explains Bodel\u00f3n. \"The fact that it takes time to reliably perceive the combination of color and orientation points to the existence of a distinct integration mechanism. We can now start to test different hypotheses about the nature of this mechanism,\" she adds.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
\"The question how the brain synthesizes visual information is of tremendous importance from a basic science standpoint,\" explains Reynolds and adds that \"it also has important practical implications for understanding and ultimately treating disorders of perception, such as visual agnosia, a debilitating condition in which the patient cannot 'see' complex visual stimuli.\" <\/p>\r\n\r\n
By precisely measuring this fleeting visual computation, Bodel\u00f3n and her colleagues have taken an important first step in understanding the mechanisms that fail in patients who suffer from this disorder. <\/p>\r\n\r\n
The Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, is an independent nonprofit organization dedicated to fundamental discoveries in the life sciences, the improvement of human health and the training of future generations of researchers. Jonas Salk, M.D., whose polio vaccine all but eradicated the crippling disease poliomyelitis in 1955, opened the Institute in 1965 with a gift of land from the City of San Diego and the financial support of the March of Dimes.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","faculty":[107],"disease-research":[464],"class_list":["post-1900","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","hentry","faculty-john-reynolds","disease-research-perception"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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\r\n