Joanne Chory, Doctora en Filosof\u00eda.<\/a>, profesor y director del Laboratorio de Biolog\u00eda Vegetal e investigador del Instituto M\u00e9dico Howard Hughes. <\/p>\nLa base del estudio puede proporcionar informaci\u00f3n sobre otras \u00e1reas de la investigaci\u00f3n biol\u00f3gica. La importancia de un flujo de informaci\u00f3n sin obst\u00e1culos hacia y desde los org\u00e1nulos celulares, por ejemplo, se ilustra en algunos tipos de c\u00e1ncer, en los que la alteraci\u00f3n en la comunicaci\u00f3n entre las mitocondrias y el n\u00facleo contribuye a la progresi\u00f3n de los tumores.<\/p>\n
La clorofila verde en los cloroplastos absorbe la energ\u00eda de la luz, lo que no solo resulta en la liberaci\u00f3n de ox\u00edgeno, sino que finalmente se utiliza para transformar el di\u00f3xido de carbono de baja energ\u00eda del aire en compuestos de alta energ\u00eda como la glucosa y el almid\u00f3n. Dado que los cloroplastos son la l\u00ednea de vida b\u00e1sica de una planta, es crucial que una c\u00e9lula est\u00e9 informada sobre su estado funcional.<\/p>\n
En trabajos anteriores, el laboratorio de Chory descubri\u00f3 que una funci\u00f3n importante de la se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n retr\u00f3grada \u2013 es decir, del cloroplasto al n\u00facleo \u2013 es coordinar la bios\u00edntesis de las prote\u00ednas fotosint\u00e9ticas fabricadas en el cloroplasto con aquellas subunidades codificadas en el n\u00facleo. Estas prote\u00ednas se ensamblan luego en complejos funcionales en los cloroplastos. En experimentos realizados en la planta de mostaza Arabidopsis thaliana<\/em>, \u201c, la \u201drata de laboratorio\" de los bi\u00f3logos de plantas, descubrieron que cuando las mol\u00e9culas precursoras de la clorofila se acumulan en los cloroplastos, cientos de genes nucleares se reprimen para cerrar la l\u00ednea de suministro saturada. Los herbicidas que inhiben la s\u00edntesis de prote\u00ednas en los cloroplastos tienen el mismo efecto.<\/p>\nBajo condiciones de luz extrema, por ejemplo, cuando las especies reactivas de ox\u00edgeno comienzan a acumularse, las c\u00e9lulas vegetales reducen activamente el tama\u00f1o del complejo de recolecci\u00f3n de luz para aliviar el estr\u00e9s oxidativo. \u201cPara proteger los cloroplastos del da\u00f1o causado por las mol\u00e9culas reactivas de ox\u00edgeno, un subproducto de la fotos\u00edntesis a m\u00e1xima potencia, los cloroplastos le dicen al n\u00facleo que se relaje por un tiempo\u201d, explica Chory. <\/p>\n
Si bien estaba claro que todas estas se\u00f1ales diferentes deb\u00edan transmitirse al n\u00facleo para desencadenar una reacci\u00f3n protectora, no estaba claro c\u00f3mo viajaba esta informaci\u00f3n. Para empezar a llenar los vac\u00edos, el coautor principal Ajit Nott, un exinvestigador postdoctoral en el laboratorio de Chory y ahora investigador en Pioneer en Hyderabad, India, busc\u00f3 en Arabidopsis<\/em> genoma para genes que permitieron a las plantas reaccionar al da\u00f1o de los cloroplastos. <\/p>\nSu b\u00fasqueda arroj\u00f3 GUN1, abreviatura de g<\/u>enormes un<\/u>acoplado<\/em> 1, una prote\u00edna codificada nuclearmente que \u00e9l pudo rastrear hasta dominios espec\u00edficos dentro de los cloroplastos. Sin importar bajo qu\u00e9 tipo de estr\u00e9s laboraron los cloroplastos, todas las se\u00f1ales se dirigieron a GUN1 antes de ser transmitidas al n\u00facleo.<\/p>\n\u201cDeterminar la identidad de GUN1 es un avance importante y muy esperado para comprender los mecanismos de se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n retr\u00f3grada\u201d, dice Nott y a\u00f1ade que \u201cla convergencia de m\u00faltiples se\u00f1ales retr\u00f3gradas y la naturaleza de la prote\u00edna GUN1 nos han llevado a revisar nuestra hip\u00f3tesis sobre la se\u00f1al retr\u00f3grada real que sale de los pl\u00e1stidos\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n
El coautor Shai Koussevitzky, ahora asociado de investigaci\u00f3n en la Universidad de Nevada en Reno, examin\u00f3 el final de la v\u00eda de se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n: los genes nucleares afectados por la se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n retr\u00f3grada. Identific\u00f3 un corto motivo en la regi\u00f3n reguladora de la mayor\u00eda de los genes afectados por la se\u00f1alizaci\u00f3n retr\u00f3grada y se\u00f1al\u00f3 a ABI4 como el factor de uni\u00f3n correspondiente. <\/p>\n
Los genes inducidos por la luz generalmente desempe\u00f1an un papel central durante la fotos\u00edntesis y, la mayor\u00eda de las veces, se importan en los cloroplastos. \u201cProponemos que ABI4 se une al motivo de secuencia reci\u00e9n identificado y, al hacerlo, impide que los factores regulatorios inducidos por la luz activen la expresi\u00f3n g\u00e9nica\u201d, dice Koussevitzky. \u201cABI4 podr\u00eda ser el \u2018interruptor maestro\u2019 propuesto anteriormente que coordina la respuesta de una planta al estr\u00e9s ambiental\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n
El trabajo fue financiado por el Howard Hughes Medical Institute y una subvenci\u00f3n del Departamento de Energ\u00eda. Shai Kousssevitzky cont\u00f3 con el apoyo de EMBO y el Howard Hughes Medical Institute, y Ajit Nott cont\u00f3 con el apoyo del Damon Runyon Cancer Fund.<\/p>\n
El Instituto Salk de Estudios Biol\u00f3gicos en La Jolla, California, es una organizaci\u00f3n independiente sin fines de lucro dedicada a descubrimientos fundamentales en las ciencias de la vida, la mejora de la salud humana y la formaci\u00f3n de futuras generaciones de investigadores. Jonas Salk, M.D., cuya vacuna contra la polio pr\u00e1cticamente erradic\u00f3 la paralizante enfermedad poliomielitis en 1955, inaugur\u00f3 el Instituto en 1965 con una donaci\u00f3n de terrenos de la Ciudad de San Diego y el apoyo financiero de la March of Dimes. <\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","faculty":[83],"disease-research":[],"class_list":["post-1897","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","hentry","faculty-joanne-chory"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n
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<\/p>\n