{"id":18965,"date":"2018-07-24T11:17:07","date_gmt":"2018-07-24T18:17:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&p=18965"},"modified":"2024-01-30T15:10:43","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T23:10:43","slug":"widespread-connections-among-neurons-help-brain-distinguish-smells","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/widespread-connections-among-neurons-help-brain-distinguish-smells\/","title":{"rendered":"Las conexiones generalizadas entre las neuronas ayudan al cerebro a distinguir los olores"},"content":{"rendered":"

LA JOLLA\u2014\u00bfEres capaz de distinguir el aroma de una rosa del de una lila? Si es as\u00ed, se lo debes agradecer a la corteza piriforme de tu cerebro. En comparaci\u00f3n con muchas otras partes del cerebro, la corteza piriforme \u2014que permite a los animales y a los humanos procesar informaci\u00f3n sobre los olores\u2014 parece un desordenado enredo de conexiones entre c\u00e9lulas llamadas neuronas. Ahora, investigadores del Instituto Salk han revelado c\u00f3mo la aleatoriedad de la corteza piriforme es, en realidad, fundamental para que el cerebro distinga entre olores similares.<\/p>\n

\"Staining
La tinci\u00f3n de una secci\u00f3n del cerebro, como se muestra, revela las capas de la corteza piriforme \u2014en verde, rojo parduzco y blanco\u2014 y otras c\u00e9lulas del cerebro en azul. <\/p>\n

Haga clic aqu\u00ed<\/a> para obtener una imagen en alta resoluci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Cr\u00e9dito: Instituto Salk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cEl paradigma habitual es que la informaci\u00f3n en el cerebro se codifica en funci\u00f3n de qu\u00e9 c\u00e9lulas est\u00e1n activas, pero eso no es as\u00ed en el caso del sistema olfativo\u201d, afirma\u00a0Charles Stevens<\/a>, profesor em\u00e9rito distinguido del Laboratorio de Neurobiolog\u00eda Molecular del Instituto Salk y coautor del nuevo trabajo. \u201cEn el sistema olfativo, resulta que no se trata de qu\u00e9 c\u00e9lulas est\u00e1n activas, sino de c\u00f3mo...\u00bb muchos<\/em> \u201dlas c\u00e9lulas est\u00e1n activas y qu\u00e9 grado de actividad tienen\u00bb.\u201d<\/p>\n

Adem\u00e1s de permitir comprender mejor c\u00f3mo se procesan los olores, la nueva investigaci\u00f3n, publicada en la revista Revista de Neurolog\u00eda Comparada<\/em><\/a> el 17 de julio de 2018, tambi\u00e9n podr\u00eda aportar una mayor comprensi\u00f3n de c\u00f3mo organizan la informaci\u00f3n algunas partes del cerebro.<\/p>\n

Cuando las mol\u00e9culas odorantes \u2014la huella de cualquier olor\u2014 se unen a los receptores de la nariz de una persona, la se\u00f1al se transmite al bulbo olfativo y, desde all\u00ed, a la corteza piriforme. En otros sistemas sensoriales \u2014como el sistema visual\u2014, la informaci\u00f3n sigue un orden estricto a medida que recorre el cerebro. Partes concretas del ojo, por ejemplo, siempre transmiten informaci\u00f3n a partes espec\u00edficas de la corteza visual. Pero los investigadores saben desde hace tiempo que este orden no existe en la corteza piriforme.<\/p>\n

\u201cNo hemos podido detectar ning\u00fan patr\u00f3n en las conexiones de la corteza piriforme en ninguna especie\u201d, afirma el coautor Shyam Srinivasan, investigador adjunto del Instituto Kavli para el Cerebro y la Mente de la Universidad de California en San Diego. \u201cCualquier olor activa aproximadamente el 10 % de las neuronas, que parecen estar dispersas por toda la corteza piriforme\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n

Para empezar a desentra\u00f1ar los detalles de c\u00f3mo la corteza piriforme codifica la informaci\u00f3n olfativa \u2014y si sus conexiones son realmente aleatorias\u2014, Stevens y Srinivasan analizaron las cortezas piriformes de nueve ratones utilizando diversas t\u00e9cnicas de tinci\u00f3n y microscop\u00eda que les permitieron visualizar los diferentes tipos de c\u00e9lulas de esa regi\u00f3n cerebral. Su primer objetivo: cuantificar el n\u00famero y la densidad de las c\u00e9lulas de la corteza piriforme.<\/p>\n

\"Charles<\/a>
De izquierda a derecha: Charles F. Stevens y Shyam Srinivasan<\/p>\n

Haga clic aqu\u00ed<\/a> para obtener una imagen en alta resoluci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n

Cr\u00e9dito: Instituto Salk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cEn realidad, fue como un estudio\u201d, explica Srinivasan. \u201cContamos las c\u00e9lulas en diferentes zonas representativas y calculamos el promedio para toda la regi\u00f3n\u201d.\u201d<\/p>\n

Llegaron a la conclusi\u00f3n de que la corteza piriforme del rat\u00f3n contiene alrededor de medio mill\u00f3n de neuronas, repartidas a partes iguales entre la corteza piriforme posterior \u2014m\u00e1s grande y menos densa\u2014 y la corteza piriforme anterior \u2014m\u00e1s peque\u00f1a y m\u00e1s densa\u2014.<\/p>\n

A partir de esta informaci\u00f3n inicial sobre la densidad y el n\u00famero de neuronas, as\u00ed como de los datos de estudios previos sobre el n\u00famero de neuronas en el bulbo olfativo y el n\u00famero de conexiones neuronales \u2014o sinapsis\u2014 que unen el bulbo olfativo con la corteza piriforme, los dos investigadores llegaron a una conclusi\u00f3n sorprendente: cada neurona del bulbo olfativo est\u00e1 conectada con casi todas y cada una de las neuronas de la corteza piriforme.<\/p>\n

\u201cCada c\u00e9lula del n\u00facleo piriforme recibe informaci\u00f3n de pr\u00e1cticamente todos los receptores olfativos que existen\u201d, afirma Stevens. \u201cNo hay una sola neurona dedicada al \u2018olor a caf\u00e9\u2019, sino todo un conjunto de neuronas relacionadas con el caf\u00e9 repartidas por todas partes\u201d. En lugar de que un solo receptor detecte un olor y active un grupo de neuronas reveladoras, explica, cada olor tiene una huella que se basa m\u00e1s en la fuerza de las conexiones: aunque el olor a caf\u00e9 puede activar casi las mismas neuronas en la corteza piriforme que el olor a chocolate, activar\u00e1n cada neurona en un grado diferente.<\/p>\n

\u201cUna de las ventajas de este sistema es que puede codificar informaci\u00f3n muy compleja\u201d, afirma Srinivasan. \u201cAdem\u00e1s, lo hace muy resistente al ruido\u201d. Si una neurona env\u00eda una se\u00f1al \u201cruidosa\u201d \u2014una activaci\u00f3n m\u00e1s fuerte o m\u00e1s d\u00e9bil de lo que deber\u00eda\u2014, el ruido se compensa gracias a las muchas otras neuronas que env\u00edan se\u00f1ales simult\u00e1neas y m\u00e1s precisas.<\/p>\n

A los investigadores les gustar\u00eda repetir el estudio con otros animales para ver d\u00f3nde se encuentran las similitudes y las diferencias. Tambi\u00e9n est\u00e1n interesados en investigar otras \u00e1reas del cerebro que durante mucho tiempo se ha supuesto que est\u00e1n dominadas por conexiones aparentemente aleatorias, para ver si est\u00e1n organizadas de la misma manera.<\/p>\n

Stevens y Srinivasan, a quienes tambi\u00e9n se les public\u00f3 un art\u00edculo en la revista Revista de Neurociencia<\/em> Las investigaciones, publicadas el 13 de julio, sobre el uso del circuito de aprendizaje olfativo de la mosca de la fruta para mejorar los actuales algoritmos de aprendizaje profundo, fueron financiadas por el Instituto Kavli para el Cerebro y la Mente de la Universidad de California en San Diego y la Fundaci\u00f3n Nacional de Ciencias.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":18969,"template":"","faculty":[67],"disease-research":[124],"class_list":["post-18965","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-charles-f-stevens","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nWidespread connections among neurons help the brain distinguish smells - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/es\/news-release\/widespread-connections-among-neurons-help-brain-distinguish-smells\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_MX\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Widespread connections among neurons help the brain distinguish smells - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014Can you tell the smell of a rose from the scent of a lilac? 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