{"id":30104,"date":"2021-03-10T08:14:46","date_gmt":"2021-03-10T16:14:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=salk-talk-podcast&p=30104"},"modified":"2024-01-30T14:35:08","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T22:35:08","slug":"episode-024-where-cures-begin-dmitry-lyumkis","status":"publish","type":"salk-talk-podcast","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/salk-talk-podcast\/episode-024-where-cures-begin-dmitry-lyumkis\/","title":{"rendered":"Episode 024: Where Cures Begin \u2013 Dmitry Lyumkis"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dmitri Lyumkis<\/a> is an assistant professor in Salk\u2019s Laboratory of Genetics. He is using an imaging technique called cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to better understand the structure and function of proteins. On this episode of\u202fWhere Cures Begin<\/em>, Lyumkis talks about his transition from the Soviet Union to the USA, what three-dimensional images can reveal about protein assemblies, and why Salk is such an inspirational place to pursue science.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":30119,"template":"","class_list":["post-30104","salk-talk-podcast","type-salk-talk-podcast","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nEpisode 024: Where Cures Begin \u2013 Dmitry Lyumkis - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/salk-talk-podcast\/episode-024-where-cures-begin-dmitry-lyumkis\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Episode 024: Where Cures Begin \u2013 Dmitry Lyumkis - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dmitry Lyumkis is an assistant professor in Salk\u2019s Laboratory of Genetics. 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He using an imaging technique called cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to better understand the structure and function of proteins. On this episode of\u202f<em>Where Cures Begin<\/em>, Lyumkis talks about his transition from the Soviet Union to the USA, what three-dimensional images can reveal about protein assemblies, and why Salk is such an inspirational place to pursue science.<\/p>\n","salk_talk_podcast_blurb":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/scientist\/dmitry-lyumkis\">Dmitry Lyumkis<\/a> is an assistant professor in Salk\u2019s Laboratory of Genetics. He is using an imaging technique called cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) to better understand the structure and function of proteins. On this episode of\u202f<em>Where Cures Begin<\/em>, Lyumkis talks about his transition from the Soviet Union to the USA, what three-dimensional images can reveal about protein assemblies, and why Salk is such an inspirational place to pursue science.<\/p>\n","salk_talk_podcast_body_image":{"ID":25539,"id":25539,"title":"Dmitry_Lyumkis_767","filename":"Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","filesize":69779,"url":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/scientist\/dmitry-lyumkis\/dmitry_lyumkis_767\/","alt":"","author":"91","description":"","caption":"","name":"dmitry_lyumkis_767","status":"inherit","uploaded_to":6049,"date":"2020-01-24 17:38:00","modified":"2020-01-24 17:38:00","menu_order":0,"mime_type":"image\/jpeg","type":"image","subtype":"jpeg","icon":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-includes\/images\/media\/default.png","width":750,"height":750,"sizes":{"thumbnail":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767-150x150.jpg","thumbnail-width":150,"thumbnail-height":150,"medium":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767-300x300.jpg","medium-width":300,"medium-height":300,"medium_large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","medium_large-width":750,"medium_large-height":750,"large":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","large-width":750,"large-height":750,"1536x1536":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","1536x1536-width":750,"1536x1536-height":750,"2048x2048":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","2048x2048-width":750,"2048x2048-height":750,"trp-custom-language-flag":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","trp-custom-language-flag-width":12,"trp-custom-language-flag-height":12,"hero":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767-750x550.jpg","hero-width":750,"hero-height":550,"square":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","square-width":750,"square-height":750,"cision-147":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767-147x147.jpg","cision-147-width":147,"cision-147-height":147,"pr-300":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767-300x300.jpg","pr-300-width":300,"pr-300-height":300,"col-md-5":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767-458x458.jpg","col-md-5-width":458,"col-md-5-height":458,"col-md-6":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767-585x585.jpg","col-md-6-width":585,"col-md-6-height":585,"col-md-7":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767-553x553.jpg","col-md-7-width":553,"col-md-7-height":553,"col-md-8":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767-750x750.jpg","col-md-8-width":750,"col-md-8-height":750,"grid-767":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","grid-767-width":750,"grid-767-height":750,"col-md-10":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","col-md-10-width":750,"col-md-10-height":750,"gform-image-choice-sm":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-sm-width":300,"gform-image-choice-sm-height":300,"gform-image-choice-md":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-md-width":400,"gform-image-choice-md-height":400,"gform-image-choice-lg":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/11\/Dmitry_Lyumkis_767.jpg","gform-image-choice-lg-width":600,"gform-image-choice-lg-height":600}},"transcript":"<p><strong>Introduction:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nWelcome to the Salk Institute’s\u00a0Where Cures Begin\u00a0podcast. Where scientists talk about breakthrough discoveries with your hosts, Allie Akmal and Brittany Fair.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:<\/strong><br \/>\nI’m here today with Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis. He is an assistant professor in the laboratory of genetics, where he uses high-powered imaging techniques to determine the structure of tiny molecules. Understanding what these assemblies of atoms look like, could reveal dysfunctions that lead to disease. Professor\u00a0Lyumkis, welcome to\u00a0<em>Where Cures Begin<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nHi Brittany. Thank you very much for having me.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nThank you for joining us today and just kind of to start out, where are you originally from?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:<\/strong><br \/>\nI am from Riga. It’s the city of Riga in what is now Latvia. It used to be\u00a0[part of]\u00a0the Soviet Union. We moved out from Latvia about one month prior to the collapse and we came to the Bay Area. I was only six\u00a0[years old]\u00a0at the time. My dad is a physicist and like many other people from the former Soviet Union who had a background in physics and mathematics, they were heavily recruited into the United States,\u00a0Western Europe and other countries. And\u00a0so\u00a0at that time in the Bay Area,\u00a0there was rapid development\u00a0in\u00a0the high-tech industry. And my dad was one of those\u00a0[people]\u00a0who were\u00a0recruited.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nWhen you’re coming from the Soviet Union to the Bay Area, I can imagine that was a very dramatic change for you as a young child. Did you have any challenges when you first arrived in California?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nYes, there was definitely a few challenges when I arrived. I didn’t know the language and it took me a few months to learn the language. It’s a little bit simpler when you’re a kid, but it took me a few months to learn the language. And then,\u00a0what I fondly remember was the social interactions\u00a0being\u00a0very difficult and a little bit awkward because I didn’t know how to express myself when I went into school and kids didn’t understand me. And\u00a0actually\u00a0one of my best friends, my best friend to this very day, he kind of guided me along that whole process and helped me out quite a bit in those first few months. To this day, we laugh about it.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nThat’s great. And what a good friend to have because I’m sure that was a cultural shock. Your dad was then working in science or as an engineer in science?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nHe was more of an engineer. He was working in academic research in the Soviet\u00a0Union very shortly prior\u00a0to the collapse. A lot of those jobs started to disappear. So then, when my dad moved to the Bay Area,\u00a0he started working as an\u00a0engineer in\u00a0the\u00a0industry.\u00a0And he basically gave us a new life and new opportunity here.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nAnd did you have\u00a0an\u00a0interest in engineering at any point or when did you really become interested in science?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nI had a lot of interests when I was growing up\u00a0[laughter].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nYes?\u00a0[laugh].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nI went through many different thoughts in terms of what I\u00a0would do\u00a0for a career. My real passion for science came in college when I actually started working in a research lab,\u00a0that’s when\u00a0I became really interested. Over the course of sophomore, junior and senior year was when I really became interested in chemistry. There are thousands and thousands of different reactions and many possible ways to arrive at a result. And the idea of sort of developing your own path toward arriving at this complex molecule was really attractive to me.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nI think that’s really interesting because it’s not every day where someone is studying something with such a passion that they’re not able to see.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:<\/strong><br \/>\nRight. I agree. My interest began in chemistry, but soon afterwards I became really interested in specifically protein\u00a0chemistry\u00a0or\u00a0protein structure, a field that we refer to as structural biology. Proteins are made up of amino acids, long chains of amino acids. And they fold into complex\u00a0three-dimensional\u00a0shapes and their function\u00a0are\u00a0governed by specific chemical reactions, for example, within the active site of the enzyme. And\u00a0actually\u00a0that’s a field that I continue to study and work in to this day, which continues to fascinate me.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nOkay. And when you say that you’re studying how proteins are assembled, what techniques do you use to study that?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:<\/strong><br \/>\nWe use a technique called\u00a0cryo-electron\u00a0microscopy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Voiceover:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nCryo-electron\u00a0microscopy\u00a0also known as cryo-EM uses frozen samples, hence the word\u00a0cryo, and gentler electron beams than traditional electron microscopy to examine biological samples.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nWe routinely apply\u00a0cryo-electron\u00a0microscopy to determine the structure of proteins and protein assemblies. It’s a microscopy technique that uses high-energy electrons to image objects at very high magnification. So typically,\u00a0atomic or close to atomic level.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nOh wow.\u00a0So\u00a0you actually are able to see these tiny assemblies.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nOh yes. Yes, absolutely. And the resolution can be or is approaching\u00a0atomic-level resolution. In fact, there were\u00a0a few papers,\u00a0manuscripts\u00a0and\u00a0preprints,\u00a0that came out on\u00a0bioRxiv\u00a0just a few months ago, which show that you can use cryo-EM techniques to image proteins at true atomic resolution.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nOkay.\u00a0So\u00a0you can use this imaging technique to then understand the structure of these molecules, but how does understanding the structure aid you in deciphering the function?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nWell, seeing is believing\u00a0[laugh]. A picture’s worth a thousand words. And I’ll give you one example from our recent work where we used cryo-EM to visualize how a specific class of small molecules interact with and bind to a protein assembly that we’re interested in. We found that these small molecules bind in a completely different way than we previously expected. There wasn’t a way to really predict this using any other techniques.\u00a0So\u00a0we had to actually get an image, a direct three-dimensional representation, to really understand and to have this\u00a0“aha”\u00a0moment.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nWhat was it like the first time that you actually used cryo-EM to visualize a structure that you were studying?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry\u00a0Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nOh, it’s amazing. That’s one of the coolest parts about the field is that you can purify a protein or protein assembly that is nanometers in size. You can purify them and you can put them onto a three-millimeter support grid, put it into the electron microscope and then come out with images of these assemblies that can lead to three-dimensional representations that are very informative.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nSo\u00a0you came to UCSD for undergrad, went to graduate school at Scripps and then started your academic career as a Salk fellow. What made you want to stay on at Salk and become an assistant professor?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nSalk is a very interesting place. It’s a very inspiring place. Every single one of my colleagues is a leader in their own respective fields. The people here are really some of the best scientists in the world and they inspire you on a daily basis.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nHave you been able to collaborate with people outside of your field at Salk?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nYes. Salk is one of those interesting places where all of the faculty on the one hand,\u00a0have their own individual island of research, but on the other hand, there are very deep interconnections in the ideas between different labs. And\u00a0so,\u00a0there\u00a0are\u00a0a lot of opportunities to establish scientific connections and forge collaborations between different labs based on common interests.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nAnd while at Salk, several of your discoveries have involved imaging tiny structures that help HIV infect cells. What really interests you about HIV and how is imaging these structures going to\u00a0possibly\u00a0help\u00a0with the developments of a treatment?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nHIV is one of the most complicated viruses that we’ve known about. One of the things that we’ve done is used cryo-EM to image protein assemblies that are directly responsible for establishing a permanent viral infection in a specific target cell. We described how these assemblies are put together, how they look and how they function at an atomic level. But what’s important is that these assemblies are also the direct targets of one of the most important classes of drugs that are used in antiretroviral therapy to treat patients.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nWere these drugs in use to treat HIV and we just didn’t know how they were fully working on a molecular level?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nYes. So these drugs have been in use since about 2007 and some of the latest generation ones have been in use\u00a0[for]\u00a0about seven years now. They’ve been approved by the FDA. We are working with a team of investigators at the NIH to develop sort of third-generation drugs that will be active and potent\u00a0against\u00a0the virus\u00a0when it\u00a0evolves resistance. And what we found in this recent paper is that these compounds bind in a completely different way from what we expected previously. And that has important implications because in order to understand how these drugs bind, how\u00a0to make better compounds and understand how the virus evolves resistance, you really have to know at a detailed atomic level how these compounds bind and how they interact with these protein assemblies.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nSince the coronavirus pandemic, have you incorporated any coronavirus research into your own work?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nYes. We have one particular project that’s going on in the lab. And again, it has to do with understanding how a particular protein that is part of SARS-CoV-2 is assembled and specifically how it binds to and hijacks cellular machinery to then promote viral infection. And so, what we’re trying to do right now is to image this protein.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nOkay. Do you think this type of work could help inform treatment options?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nYes, definitely. Understanding how viral proteins interact with host proteins can have important consequences and important implications because if you can understand how they interact with one another, then you can potentially develop therapeutic strategies that will interfere with that interaction. And if that interaction is necessary for viral infectivity, then interfering with that interaction will in turn have therapeutic benefits.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nSo it sounds\u00a0like\u00a0in college is\u00a0when you really fell in love with science. Prior to college, what did you envision doing in the future? Did you ever consider another career?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nI’ve always liked to learn and I’ve always liked the process of learning and potentially discovering. So when I\u00a0started\u00a0[working\u00a0in]\u00a0science, it\u00a0was kind of a very logical career choice for me because every single day you learn something new. You don’t discover new things\u00a0[laugh]. That happens very rarely, but when it does happen, it’s amazing. But every single day you learn something new. Science was kind of\u2014it was a natural choice and I’ve never looked back.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nWhat’s your favorite part about being a scientist?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry Lyumkis:<\/strong><br \/>\nIt’s the process and it’s the fact that every single day I am learning something new. Every single day, I have a little bit of a better understanding of some small part of our research or some small aspect of a problem. Once you’ve reached one goal, then the next goal is around the corner.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:<\/strong><br \/>\nIt sounds like never-ending academic growth. What is your next step?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nWell, there are a number of important\u00a0molecules\u00a0and important processes in the cell that we would like to understand at the molecular level. So what we’re trying to do right now is isolate and purify certain types of protein assemblies that are important, not only in virology, but also have important implications in cancer so that we can start imaging them using cryo-EM.<\/p>\n<p>In the long term, I want to see these molecules in cells. Right now, everything that we’re doing\u00a0is isolating\u00a0these molecules from cells. I want to visualize them in cells, in their native environment. I think that’s the next order of complexity that is just around the corner that we’d like to understand.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Brittany\u00a0Fair:<\/strong><br \/>\nThank you so much for joining us on the podcast today, Dr. Lyumkis. It was a pleasure speaking with you and learning about your work here at Salk.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dmitry Lyumkis:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nThank you very much, Brittany. It has been a pleasure to speak with you.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ending:\u00a0<\/strong><br \/>\nJoin us next time for more cutting-edge Salk science. At Salk, world-renowned scientists work together to explore big, bold ideas from cancer to Alzheimer’s, aging to climate change.\u00a0Where Cures Begin\u00a0is a production of the Salk Institute’s Office of Communications. To learn more about the research discussed today, visit salk.edu\/podcasts.<\/p>\n","salk_talk_podcast_mp3_file":"https:\/\/traffic.libsyn.com\/secure\/salktalk\/Where-Cures-Begin-Dmitry-Lyumkis.mp3","season":["3"],"archive":[]},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/salk-talk-podcast\/30104","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/salk-talk-podcast"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/salk-talk-podcast"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30119"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30104"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}