{"id":27538,"date":"2020-07-14T00:00:33","date_gmt":"2020-07-14T07:00:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&#038;p=27538"},"modified":"2023-12-11T12:24:44","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T20:24:44","slug":"keeping-innocent-people-out-of-jail-using-the-science-of-perception","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/keeping-innocent-people-out-of-jail-using-the-science-of-perception\/","title":{"rendered":"Unschuldige Menschen durch die Wissenschaft der Wahrnehmung vor dem Gef\u00e4ngnis bewahren"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>LA JOLLA\u2014People wrongfully accused of a crime often wait years\u2014if ever\u2014to be exonerated. Many of these wrongfully accused cases stem from unreliable eyewitness testimony. Now, Salk scientists have identified a new way of presenting a lineup to an eyewitness that could improve the likelihood that the correct suspect is identified and reduce the number of innocent people sentenced to jail. Their report is published in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-020-17194-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Nature Communications<\/em><\/a> on July 14, 2020.<\/p>\n<div class=\"row\" style=\"\"><div class=\"col-md-12 col-md-push-0\"><div class=\"video-anchor\" id=\"video-OpVRThGDptw\"><\/div><div class=\"embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9\"> <iframe class=\"embed-responsive-item\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OpVRThGDptw?rel=0\" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div><!-- .embed-responsive --><\/div><!-- .col-md-*size --><\/div><!-- .\/row -->\n<p>\u201cMisidentification by eyewitnesses is a long-standing problem in our society. Our new lineup method uncovers the structure of eyewitness memory, removes decision bias from the identification process, and quantifies performance of individual witnesses,\u201d says Salk Professor <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/scientist\/thomas-albright\/\">Thomas D. Albright<\/a>, co-corresponding author of the study. \u201cThis study is a great example of using laboratory science to bring about criminal justice reform.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In the United States, nearly 70 percent of DNA exonerations are due to misidentifications by eyewitnesses, according to the Innocence Project. To overcome this societal problem, research has focused on factors that influence the likelihood that a witness will identify the correct person. One key factor is the way individuals are presented to the eyewitness during the lineup, according to Albright, who co-chaired a National Academy of Sciences committee to examine the validity of eyewitness identification. Albright, an expert in the fields of visual perception and recognition, taps into decades of research suggesting that people commonly misperceive visual events, and memories of those events are continuously augmented and deteriorate over time.<\/p>\n<p>Currently, the two most common (or traditional) methods used by law enforcement are known as simultaneous and sequential lineups. In the simultaneous method the eyewitness views six photographs of individuals at the same time; in the sequential method the eyewitness views six photos, one at a time. The witness then either identifies a suspect or rejects the lineup if no face matches their memory of the crime scene.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27593\"  class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"945\" height=\"343\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-27593 size-col-md-10\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-945x343.jpg\" alt=\"Eyewitness illustrations\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-945x343.jpg 945w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-300x109.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-768x279.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-1024x372.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-147x53.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-458x166.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-585x213.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-553x201.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-750x272.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-767x279.jpg 767w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-1250x454.jpg 1250w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720-400x145.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 945px) 100vw, 945px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">During a traditional lineup, eyewitnesses are either shown six photographs of individuals at the same time (simultaneous lineup) or presented one picture at a time (sequential lineup). The paired comparison (PAR) method asks the eyewitness to choose the picture that is more similar to the culprit when shown two photographs at the same time. A technique called signal detection analysis is then used to reveal the structure of the witness\u2019s recognition memory and eliminate unconscious bias.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Figure_1_061720.jpg\">Klicken Sie hier<\/a> f\u00fcr ein hochaufl\u00f6sendes Bild.<\/p>\n<p>Credit: Gepshtein et al., <em>Nature Communications<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The research team sought to create a new lineup method that would help estimate the strengths of memories for each face and eliminate unconscious biases that shape decisions without awareness.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cTraditional lineups just reveal the top choice\u2014the tip of the iceberg. But the cause of the witness\u2019s decision is ambiguous. It may reflect strong memory for the culprit, or it may mean that the witness was not very discerning,\u201d says Albright. \u201cOur new procedure overcomes that ambiguity by revealing the strength of recognition memory for all lineup faces.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27597\"  class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"347\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-27597 size-col-md-5\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-458x347.jpg\" alt=\"Sergei Gepshtein and Thomas Albright\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-458x347.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-768x582.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-1024x776.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-147x111.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-585x443.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-553x419.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-750x568.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-767x581.jpg 767w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-945x716.jpg 945w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3-400x303.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3.jpg 1121w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">From left: Sergei Gepshtein and Thomas Albright.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Tom-Albright-Sergei-Gepshtein-pr3.jpg\">Klicken Sie hier<\/a> f\u00fcr ein hochaufl\u00f6sendes Bild.<\/p>\n<p>Kredit: Salk Institut<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The scientists used a technique, called the method of paired comparisons, which works similar to how an optometrist gives an eye exam: Just like looking through pairs of lenses and stating which lens is clearer, the eyewitness is shown two photographs of individuals at a time and they choose the one that looks more similar to the person they remember from the crime scene. The procedure yields an estimate of the strength of recognition memory for each lineup face. Statistical analysis of these memory strengths then reveals the probability of correctly identifying the culprit.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur methods derive from a branch of science called sensory psychophysics,\u201d says Staff Scientist Sergei Gepshtein, first and co-corresponding author of the paper, who founded and directs the Collaboratory for Adaptive Sensory Technologies at Salk. \u201cPsychophysical tools are designed to reveal how properties of the physical world are ordered\u2014or \u2018scaled\u2019\u2014in the mind. Our approach allowed us to peek into the \u2018black box\u2019 and measure how lineup faces are organized in the witness\u2019s memory in terms of their similarity to the culprit.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The paired comparison method yields greater information about the identity of the culprit than previous methods. What is more, it offers an unprecedented quantitative index of certainty for <em>individual<\/em> eyewitnesses, which is what the judge and jury really need to know.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe conduct of a lineup is just one application of our method,\u201d says Gepshtein. \u201cAnother application is selection of lineup \u2018fillers,\u2019 which are faces of people known to be innocent. The fillers should not be too similar or too dissimilar to the suspect. Because the new method reveals the perceived similarity of faces, it can be used to optimize the choice of lineup fillers.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The paired comparison lineup holds much promise as a research tool as well as a practical tool for investigation and prosecution of crimes. The authors hope that the new technique will soon be applied in real police casework, leading to more correct identifications and fewer wrongful convictions.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cConvictions should be based on science, not precedent,\u201d says Albright.<\/p>\n<p>Other authors included Yurong Wang, Fangchao He and Dinh Diep of Salk. The work was supported by awards from Arnold Ventures and from the Innovation Grants Program of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","faculty":[88],"disease-research":[124,464],"class_list":["post-27538","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","hentry","faculty-thomas-albright","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders","disease-research-perception"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Keeping innocent people out of jail using the science of perception - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/keeping-innocent-people-out-of-jail-using-the-science-of-perception\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Keeping innocent people out of jail using the science of perception - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014People wrongfully accused of a crime often wait years\u2014if ever\u2014to be exonerated. 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