{"id":2555,"date":"2015-08-03T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2015-08-03T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/news-release\/new-insight-into-how-the-immune-system-sounds-the-alarm\/"},"modified":"2015-11-15T08:16:14","modified_gmt":"2015-11-15T16:16:14","slug":"new-insight-into-how-the-immune-system-sounds-the-alarm","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/new-insight-into-how-the-immune-system-sounds-the-alarm\/","title":{"rendered":"New insight into how the immune system sounds the alarm"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\nLA JOLLA\u2013T cells are the guardians of our bodies: they constantly search for harmful invaders and diseased cells, ready to swarm and kill off any threats. A better understanding of these watchful sentries could allow scientists to boost the immune response against evasive dangers (e.g., cancer or infections), or to silence it when it mistakenly attacks the body itself (e.g., autoimmune disorders or allergies).\n<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/V0qqa0ZD4VA\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\nNow, scientists at the Salk Institute have discovered that T cell triggering relies on a dynamic protein network at the cell surface, as reported in August 3, 2015, in <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/ni\/journal\/vaop\/ncurrent\/full\/ni.3231.html\">Nature Immunology<\/a><\/em>.\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\u201cThis is a completely new principle for how T cell activity is controlled\u2013whether it ignores or responds to a threat,\u201d says senior author <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/faculty\/lillemeier.html\/\">Bj\u00f6rn Lillemeier<\/a>, an assistant professor in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/faculty\/nomis_center.html\/\">Nomis Foundation Laboratorien f\u00fcr Immunbiologie und mikrobielle Pathogenese<\/a> und die <a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/biophotonics\/\">Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center<\/a> at the Salk Institute.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nT cells become active when a signal\u2013often from a virus or bacterium\u2013triggers molecular sensors on their surface, namely T cell receptors.  Previously, scientists believed that additional molecules that bind T cell receptors and help it to perceive this signal were like grapes hanging from a vine, occasionally dropping away or joining to begin the process. In contrast, the new discovery shows that T cell receptors are incredibly active\u2013more like a bustling train station, with molecules rapidly coming and going at different intervals of time, says Lillemeier.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"imageCaption530\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/2101-Christian-Klammt_Lucie-Ridlon_Bjorn-Lillemeier_IMG_0718e.jpg\"><\/p>\n<p>\nFrom left: Christian Klammt, Lucie Ridlon and Bj\u00f6rn Lillemeier<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/2101-Christian-Klammt_Lucie-Ridlon_Bjorn-Lillemeier_IMG_0718e.jpg\">Klicken Sie hier<\/a> f\u00fcr ein hochaufl\u00f6sendes Bild.<\/p>\n<p>\nBild: Mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Salk Institute for Biological Studies\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\nA protein called ZAP-70 is well known as a crucial player for kicking the T cell into action. Until now, scientists assumed that a silent form of ZAP-70 floats around inside the T cell until a threat is detected, which recruits ZAP-70 to the cell surface and activates it. By analyzing mutant forms of ZAP-70, Lillemeier\u2019s group discovered that instead of ZAP-70 binding the T cell receptor firmly, it comes in contact with the receptor sporadically. Each time this happens, ZAP-70 has to adopt an unfavorable shape that forces it back inside the cell. This cycle continues until a second molecule, called Lck, helps it to remain with the T cell receptor. The prolonged stay at the cell surface activates ZAP-70 and prompts the T cell to attack invaders and diseased cells.\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"imageCaption\"><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"border-bottom: 1px #006699 solid;\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/01\/2101-E6.1+WT.jpg\"><\/p>\n<p>Salk scientists have discovered details into how immune cell activity is controlled by a key protein. The protein kinase ZAP-70 (green) clusters at the plasma membrane upon T cell activation.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/2101-E6.1+WT.jpg\">Klicken Sie hier<\/a> f\u00fcr ein hochaufl\u00f6sendes Bild.<\/p>\n<p>\nBild: Mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Salk Institute for Biological Studies\n<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>\nThis study shows that the steps underlying T cell activation are much more dynamic compared with the less mobile modes that scientists had suspected before. The new study highlights how ZAP-70 and other molecules communicate in space and time, which is crucial for controlling the ultimate activity of a T cell. By understanding this process, Lillemeier says, \u201cWe might be able to encourage the immune system to be a little more sensitive in order to recognize and eliminate diseases.\u201d\n<\/p>\n<p>\nLillemeier\u2019s team is working to identify new principles that determine if T cells respond to a threat versus staying quiet. In addition, they are testing whether their findings could be applied across additional processes in T cells and other immune cells. Because proteins have many of the same modular building blocks, in principle, any protein with structural characteristics comparable to those of ZAP-70 could be controlled by similar mechanisms, Lillemeier says.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nOther authors on the study were Christian Klamm, Lucie Novotn\u00e1, Dongyang Li, Miriam Wolf, and Amy Blount of Salk\u2019s Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis and the Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center; and Kai Zhang and Jonathan Fitchett of Eli Lilly\u2019s Lilly Biotechnology Center in San Diego.\n<\/p>\n<p>\nDie Forschung wurde unterst\u00fctzt durch die <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nih.gov\/\">Nationale Gesundheitsinstitute<\/a>, the Nomis Foundation, the <a href=\"http:\/\/waittfoundation.org\/\">Waitt Foundation<\/a> and the James B. Pendleton Charitable Trust.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","faculty":[97],"disease-research":[122],"class_list":["post-2555","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","hentry","faculty-bjorn-lillemeier","disease-research-immune-system-biology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>New insight into how the immune system sounds the alarm - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/new-insight-into-how-the-immune-system-sounds-the-alarm\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"New insight into how the immune system sounds the alarm - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2013T cells are the guardians of our bodies: they constantly search for harmful invaders and diseased cells, ready to swarm and kill off any threats. 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