{"id":21319,"date":"2019-01-07T12:54:06","date_gmt":"2019-01-07T20:54:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&p=21319"},"modified":"2024-01-30T15:01:30","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T23:01:30","slug":"salk-team-reveals-clues-into-early-development-of-autism-spectrum-disorder","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/salk-team-reveals-clues-into-early-development-of-autism-spectrum-disorder\/","title":{"rendered":"Salk team reveals clues into early development of autism spectrum disorder"},"content":{"rendered":"

LA JOLLA\u2014Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a relatively common developmental disorder of communication and behavior that affects about 1 in 59 children in the US, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a>. Despite its prevalence, it is still unclear what causes the disease and what are the best ways to treat it.<\/p>\n

Researchers at the Salk Institute compared stem cells created from individuals with ASD against stem cells created from those without ASD to uncover, for the first time, measurable differences in the patterns and speed of development in the ASD-derived cells.<\/p>\n

\"This
This image shows a two-dimensional culture of subject-derived cortical neurons stained for neuronal markers MAP2 (red) and Tuj1 (green).<\/p>\n

Klicken Sie hier<\/a> f\u00fcr ein hochaufl\u00f6sendes Bild.<\/p>\n

Kredit: Salk Institut<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The findings, published January 7, 2019, in the journal Nature Neuroscience<\/a>,<\/em> could lead to diagnostic methods to detect ASD at an early stage, when preventive interventions could potentially take place.<\/p>\n

\u201cAlthough our work only examined cells in cultures, it may help us understand how early changes in gene expression could lead to altered brain development in individuals with ASD,\u201d says Salk Professor Rusty Gage<\/a>, the study\u2019s senior author and president of the Institute. \u201cWe hope that this work will open up new ways to study neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.”<\/p>\n

For the study, the researchers took skin cells from eight people with ASD and five people without ASD and turned them into pluripotent stem cells\u2014cells that have the ability to develop into any cell type. They then coaxed the stem cells to develop along the path of becoming neurons by exposing them to certain chemical factors.<\/p>\n

By using molecular \u201csnapshots\u201d from different developmental stages in the stem cells, the team was able to track genetic programs that switched on in a certain order as the stem cells developed into neurons. This revealed key differences in the cells derived from people with ASD. For instance, the Salk team observed that the genetic program associated with the neural stem-cell stage turned on earlier in the ASD cells than it did in the cells from those without ASD. This genetic program includes many genes that have been associated with higher chances of ASD. In addition, the neurons that eventually developed from the people with ASD grew faster and had more complex branches than those from the control group.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s currently hypothesized that abnormalities in early brain development lead to autism, but the transition from a normally developing brain to an ASD diagnosis is blurred,\u201d says first author Simon Schafer, a postdoctoral fellow in the Gage lab. \u201cA major challenge in the field has been to determine the critical developmental periods and their associated cellular states. This research could provide a basis for discovering the common pathological traits that emerge during ASD development.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cThis is a very exciting finding, and it encourages us to further refine our methodological framework to help advance our understanding of the early cell biological events that precede the onset of symptoms,\u201d adds Gage, who holds the Vi and John Adler Chair for Research on Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disease. \u201cStudying system dynamics could maximize our chance of capturing relevant mechanistic disease states.\u201d<\/p>\n

The researchers say the experiments in this study will lead to more dynamic approaches for studying the mechanisms that are involved in ASD predisposition and progression.<\/p>\n

They next plan to focus on the creation of brain organoids, three-dimensional models of brain development in a dish that enable scientists to study the interactions between different types of brain cells.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe current diagnostic methods are mostly subjective and occur after the emergence of behavioral abnormalities in young children,\u201d Schafer says. \u201cWe hope these studies will serve as a framework for developing novel approaches for diagnosis during an early period of child development\u2014long before behavioral symptoms manifest\u2014to have the maximum impact on treatment and intervention.\u201d<\/p>\n

Other researchers on the paper were Apua C. M. Paquola, Shani Stern, Monique Pena, Thomas J. M. Kuret, Marvin Liyanage, Abed AlFatah Mansour, Baptiste N. Jaeger, Maria C. Marchetto and Jerome Mertens of Salk; David Gosselin of Universit\u00e9\u00a0Laval in Quebec City, Canada; Manching Ku of the University of Freiburg in Freiburg, Germany; and Christopher K. Glass of the University of California San Diego.<\/p>\n

This work was funded by The James S. McDonnell Foundation, G. Harold & Leila Y. Mathers Charitable Foundation, JPB Foundation, the March of Dimes Foundation, National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants MH095741 and MH090258, The Engman Foundation, Annette C. Merle-Smith, The Paul G. Allen Family Foundation, and The Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust. It was also supported by NIH grant P30 014195, the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Chapman Foundation.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":21322,"template":"","faculty":[76],"disease-research":[169,124],"class_list":["post-21319","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-rusty-gage","disease-research-autism","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSalk team reveals clues into early development of autism spectrum disorder - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/salk-team-reveals-clues-into-early-development-of-autism-spectrum-disorder\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Salk team reveals clues into early development of autism spectrum disorder - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a relatively common developmental disorder of communication and behavior that affects about 1 in 59 children in the US, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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