{"id":2085,"date":"2011-03-21T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2011-03-21T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/news-release\/salk-scientists-crack-molecular-code-regulating-neuronal-excitability\/"},"modified":"2016-01-18T10:12:01","modified_gmt":"2016-01-18T18:12:01","slug":"salk-scientists-crack-molecular-code-regulating-neuronal-excitability","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/salk-scientists-crack-molecular-code-regulating-neuronal-excitability\/","title":{"rendered":"Salk scientists crack molecular code regulating neuronal excitability"},"content":{"rendered":"

LA JOLLA, CA\u2014A key question in protein biochemistry is how proteins recognize “correct” interaction partners in a sea of cellular factors. Nowhere is that more critical to know than in the brain, where interactions governing channel protein activity can alter an organism’s behavior. A team of biologists at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies has recently deciphered a molecular code that regulates availability of a brain channel that modulates neuronal excitability, a discovery that might aid efforts to treat drug addiction and mental disorders.\n<\/p>\n

\nIn the this week’s Online Early Edition of the Verhandlungen der Nationalen Akademie der Wissenschaften<\/em>, Paul Slesinger<\/a>, Ph.D., Associate Professor in the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, and colleagues detail how a regulatory factor called SNX27 distinguishes a brain channel protein called GIRK (short for G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels) from structurally similar proteins and then targets it for destruction.\n<\/p>\n

\"SNX27\"<\/p>\n

\nLeft images show localization of SNX27 (shown in green) and NeuN (shown in red) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, the brain’s learning and memory center. Right image shows superimposition of magnified region.\n<\/p>\n

\nImage: Courtesy of Kalyn Stern and Paul Slesinger, Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\nThat work extends the group’s 2007 study showing that when SNX27 proteins capture GIRK channels, reducing the number of channels at their rightful destination, the cell membrane. “We were curious about what determined the selectivity of this interaction,” says Slesinger. “We knew that SNX27 interacted with a structural motif found on GIRK channels but many channel proteins display a similar motif. We wanted to know what allowed SNX27 to specifically choose GIRK channels.”\n<\/p>\n

\nKnowing this is critical because of the connection of GIRK channels to substance abuse. Slesinger and others have shown that alcohol or club drugs linked to sexual assault (GHB) affects GIRK channel function in the brain. Loss-of-inhibition behaviors associated with abuse of these substances result from the fact that GIRK channels allow potassium ions to leak out of a stimulated neuron, thereby dampening a cell’s excitability.\n<\/p>\n

\nIn the new study Slesinger’s team confirmed that SNX27 resides in neurons, just below the membrane where active GIRK channels sit. Additional experiments using brain cells manipulated to express abnormally high SNX27 levels showed that cells were less responsive to drugs that activate channels, suggesting that SNX27 waylays membrane-bound GIRKs and blocks their function.\n<\/p>\n

\nThe fact that SNX27 displays a common protein-interaction signature called PDZ domain suggested how SNX27 grabs its partner: GIRKs contain a short, 4-residue sequence that binds to PDZ domains, a recognition motif Slesinger likens to a zip code. But channels similar to GIRKs, called IRKs, displayed an almost identical sequence but were impervious to destruction by SNX27. “We were puzzled by this similarity and swapped the 4-residue code in IRK with the corresponding sequence from GIRK,” says Slesinger. Surprisingly, this IRK\/GIRK hybrid did not bind SNX27, indicating that the IRK lacked other elements necessary for SNX27 recognition.\n<\/p>\n

\n\"SNX27\"<\/p>\n

\nSurface rendering of the electrostatic potential (blue corresponds to positive charges) of SNX27 PDZ and the six-amino acid-“zip code” it recognizes. The red circle shows the newly identified 2nd site pocket and negatively charged GIRK3 residue.\n<\/p>\n

\nImage: Courtesy of Bartosz Balana and Paul Slesinger, Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\nTo define these new elements, Slesinger consulted with a long-standing collaborator, Senyon Choe<\/a>, Ph.D., professor in Salk’s Structural Biology Laboratory. Choe is an expert on a technique known as X-ray crystallography, used to determine the three-dimensional structure of proteins. The team scrutinized crystallized forms of SNX27 wrapped around the GIRK binding motif to try to visualize where the proteins made contact.\n<\/p>\n

\n“We observed a binding cleft in the SNX27 PDZ domain and a region that formed another pocket with a lot of positive charges,” says Slesinger. “The GIRK fragment lying there had a negative charge upstream of the 4-residue “zip code”. That suggested that this second site allowed a previously unknown electrostatic interaction between these two proteins.” Therefore, SNX27 may recognize a 6-residue motif, like the “zip plus 4” code.\n<\/p>\n

\nMore swap experiments targeting the GIRK negatively charged region confirmed the hypothesis. Synthetic forms of GIRK lacking the region no longer bound to SNX27. By contrast, an artificial version of IRK engineered to contain the GIRK negative charges homed to SNX27.<\/p>\n

\nMost significant were experiments conducted by Bartosz Balana, Ph.D., a postdoctoral fellow in the Slesinger lab and the study’s first author. Balana measured currents from cells engineered to carry GIRK channels lacking the charged region and found that GIRK currents were no longer dampened by SNX27, while cells expressing IRK channels displaying the false GIRK “address” now responded to SNX27. “This functional assay pin-pointed residues that dictate SNX27 binding beyond the normal PDZ recognition sequence,” says Bartosz. “This supports a two-site binding model and emphasizes that second site can overrule binding at the classical site.”\n<\/p>\n

\nAn interesting corollary to GIRKs’ involvement in drug-related behavior is that SNX27 levels reportedly increase in rodent models of addiction to stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamine. Selectively blocking this newly identified interaction between GIRK and SNX27 might thwart addiction. “Now we are able to better understand the role of these channels in responses to drugs of abuse. It is our hope that that this work will lead to new strategies to treat diseases such as alcoholism or even, diseases of excitability, such as epilepsy.” says Slesinger.\n<\/p>\n

\nAlso contributing to the study were Kalyn Stern and Laia Bahima of the Slesinger Lab and Innokentiy Maslennikov, and Witek Kwiatkowski of Choe’s Structural Biology Laboratory.\n<\/p>\n

\nThe study was funded by grants from the NIH and the National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression.\n<\/p>\n

\u00dcber das Salk Institute for Biological Studies:<\/strong>
\nDas Salk Institute for Biological Studies ist eine der weltweit f\u00fchrenden Institutionen f\u00fcr Grundlagenforschung, an der international renommierte Fakult\u00e4tsmitglieder grundlegende Fragen der Biowissenschaften in einem einzigartigen, kollaborativen und kreativen Umfeld untersuchen. Mit dem Fokus auf Entdeckungen und die Ausbildung zuk\u00fcnftiger Forschergenerationen leisten Salk-Wissenschaftler bahnbrechende Beitr\u00e4ge zu unserem Verst\u00e4ndnis von Krebs, Alterung, Alzheimer, Diabetes und Infektionskrankheiten durch die Untersuchung von Neurowissenschaften, Genetik, Zell- und Pflanzenbiologie sowie verwandten Disziplinen.\n<\/p>\n

\nDie Leistungen der Fakult\u00e4t wurden mit zahlreichen Auszeichnungen gew\u00fcrdigt, darunter Nobelpreise und Mitgliedschaften in der National Academy of Sciences. Das 1960 vom Polio-Impfstoff-Pionier Dr. Jonas Salk gegr\u00fcndete Institut ist eine unabh\u00e4ngige gemeinn\u00fctzige Organisation und ein architektonisches Wahrzeichen.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","faculty":[],"disease-research":[],"class_list":["post-2085","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nSalk scientists crack molecular code regulating neuronal excitability - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/salk-scientists-crack-molecular-code-regulating-neuronal-excitability\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Salk scientists crack molecular code regulating neuronal excitability - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA, CA\u2014A key question in protein biochemistry is how proteins recognize “correct” interaction partners in a sea of cellular factors. 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