{"id":19413,"date":"2018-08-21T10:06:09","date_gmt":"2018-08-21T17:06:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&p=19413"},"modified":"2024-01-30T15:09:35","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T23:09:35","slug":"a-switch-to-turn-fragrances-on-and-off","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/a-switch-to-turn-fragrances-on-and-off\/","title":{"rendered":"Ein Schalter zum Ein- und Ausschalten von D\u00fcften"},"content":{"rendered":"

LA JOLLA \u2013 Wissenschaftler des Salk Institute und der Purdue University haben den Schalter in Pflanzen entdeckt, der die Produktion von Terpenoiden einstellt \u2013 kohlenstoffreiche Verbindungen, die eine Rolle in der Pflanzenphysiologie spielen und von Menschen in allem verwendet werden, von Duft- und Aromastoffen bis hin zu Biokraftstoffen und Pharmazeutika.<\/p>\n

Pflanzliche Terpenoide finden sich in Nahrungserg\u00e4nzungsmitteln, nat\u00fcrlichen Insektiziden und Medikamenten zur Behandlung von Malaria und Krebs. Das Chemotherapeutikum Taxol, das zur Behandlung von Brust-, Eierstock-, Lungen-, Blasen- und Prostatakrebs eingesetzt wird, ist ein pflanzliches Terpenoid. Doch Pflanzen produzieren sie oft in so geringen Mengen, dass die Extraktion f\u00fcr solche Zwecke kostspielig und oft unpraktisch ist.<\/p>\n

\"Plant\"<\/a>
Klicken Sie hier<\/a> f\u00fcr ein hochaufl\u00f6sendes Bild.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Die Ergebnisse wurden im Journal Natur-Pflanzen<\/em><\/a> am 20. August 2018.<\/p>\n

\u201cVor mehreren Jahren entdeckte mein Labor ein neues Enzym, das in allen Pflanzen vorkommt und Isopentenylphosphatkinase (IPK) hei\u00dft und den Fluss von lebenden, kohlenstoffbasierten Molek\u00fclen, den Terpenoiden, reguliert. Wie es in der Wissenschaft oft der Fall ist, enth\u00fcllten wir zun\u00e4chst die Rolle dieses Enzyms in v\u00f6llig anderen Organismen, Bakterien und einer sehr alten Lebensform, den Archaeen\u201d, sagt Professor Joseph P. Noel<\/a>, Direktor des Salk Jack H. Skirball Center for Biology and Proteomics, Investigator des Howard Hughes Medical Institute und Co-Korrespondenzautor der Ver\u00f6ffentlichung. \u201cDurch die Aufkl\u00e4rung der dreidimensionalen Struktur und Chemie dieses Enzyms, wie in dieser Ver\u00f6ffentlichung berichtet, ACS Chemical Biology<\/em> und eLife<\/em> Im Jahr 2010 bzw. 2013 enth\u00fcllten wir, dass ein bisher unbekanntes Gen, das in allen Pflanzen vorkommt, f\u00fcr dasselbe Enzym kodiert, das urspr\u00fcnglich in Mikroben entdeckt wurde.\u201d<\/p>\n

Da Terpenoide erhebliche Mengen an Kohlenstoff und Energie in Pflanzen verbrauchen, wurde erkannt, dass ihre Entstehung streng kontrolliert werden muss, damit sie nur dann produziert werden, wenn sie f\u00fcr den Wirt (Bakterium oder Pflanze) wichtig sind.<\/p>\n

F\u00fcr die Arbeit tat sich das Noel-Labor mit dem Labor des Co-Korrespondenzautors zusammen Natalia Dudareva<\/a>, Purdue Distinguished Professor im Institut f\u00fcr Biochemie<\/a> und Forscher an der Purdue Zentrum f\u00fcr Pflanzenbiologie<\/a>, um zu entschl\u00fcsseln, wie Pflanzen Stoffwechselwege ein- und ausschalten, die den Fluss der Terpenoidproduktion steuern, indem sie die Verf\u00fcgbarkeit ihrer chemischen Ausgangsmaterialien regulieren.<\/p>\n

Das Salk-Purdue-Team hatte zuvor herausgefunden, wie Pflanzen die Terpenoidproduktion einschalten. Das Verst\u00e4ndnis von \u201cEin\u201d und \u201cAus\u201d \u2013 den Yin-und-Yang-Schaltern \u2013 sowie der Engp\u00e4sse f\u00fcr den Fluss ist jedoch unerl\u00e4sslich, um die Terpenoidausbeute zu verstehen und schlie\u00dflich zu optimieren.<\/p>\n

\"Suzanne
Co-Erstautorin Suzanne Thomas aus dem Noel-Labor<\/p>\n

Klicken Sie hier<\/a> f\u00fcr ein hochaufl\u00f6sendes Bild.<\/p>\n

Kredit: Salk Institut<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u201cDies ist wichtiges Grundwissen, das neue Ziele f\u00fcr die Ingenieurwissenschaften von Terpenoid-Stoffwechselwegen er\u00f6ffnet\u201d, sagt Dudareva. \u201cPflanzen produzieren diese Verbindungen bereits, aber in geringen Mengen. Es kann Hunderte oder Tausende von Pflanzen gedauert haben, um gen\u00fcgend einer Verbindung zu gewinnen, um sie f\u00fcr etwas wie ein Arzneimittel zu verwenden. Diese neue Reihe von unerwarteten Entdeckungen wird zu schnelleren und effizienteren Wegen f\u00fchren, um ausreichende Mengen dieser Produkte zum Nutzen des Menschen zu erhalten.\u201d<\/p>\n

IPKs wandeln chemische Pools von inerten Monophosphat-Terpenoid-Bausteinen in leicht verwendbare Diphosphat-Bausteine um. Mit einem vielschichtigen Ansatz, der Strukturbiologie, Biochemie, Pflanzen Genetik und synthetische Biologie umfasst, stellte das Forschungsteam fest, dass zwei Nudix-Enzyme die fehlenden Bindeglieder waren, die f\u00fcr die Entfernung einer Phosphatgruppe verantwortlich sind, um die aktiven Terpenoid-Diphosphate in den inerten Pool von Terpenoid-Monophosphaten zur\u00fcckzuf\u00fchren.<\/p>\n

\u201cDie Nudix-Hydrolase-Enzymfamilie ist in allen Organismen konserviert, doch ihre biologischen Rollen sind weitgehend undefiniert. Hier decken wir eine unerwartete und neue Funktion f\u00fcr Mitglieder dieser Familie bei Pflanzen auf\u201d, bemerkt die Co-Erstautorin Suzanne Thomas, eine Postdoktorandin im Noel-Labor.<\/p>\n

\u201cWir haben gezeigt, dass IPK und Nudix zusammenarbeiten, um die nachgeschaltete Bildung von Terpenoidprodukten zu regulieren\u201d, sagt die Co-Erstautorin Laura Henry, frisch promovierte Doktorandin aus Dudarevas Labor und jetzt analytische Chemikerin bei Heritage Research Group. \u201cEinige dieser Produkte k\u00f6nnen f\u00fcr die Pflanzen toxisch sein, wenn die Pflanzen zu viel davon produzieren. So regulieren die Pflanzen ihre Produktion.\u201d<\/p>\n

Weitere Autoren waren Joshua R. Widhalm, Joseph H. Lynch, Thomas C. Davis und Sharon A. Kessler von der Purdue University sowie J\u00f6rg Bohlmann von der University of British Columbia.<\/p>\n

Die Arbeit wurde vom USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, der Purdue University, dem Howard Hughes Medical Institute und dem Arthur and Julie Woodrow Chair am Salk Institute finanziert.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":22487,"template":"","faculty":[102],"disease-research":[125,451,452],"class_list":["post-19413","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-joseph-noel","disease-research-plant-biology","disease-research-plant-genomics","disease-research-plant-physiology"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nA switch to turn fragrances on and off - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/a-switch-to-turn-fragrances-on-and-off\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A switch to turn fragrances on and off - 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