{"id":18965,"date":"2018-07-24T11:17:07","date_gmt":"2018-07-24T18:17:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/vermont.salk.edu\/?post_type=disclosure&#038;p=18965"},"modified":"2024-01-30T15:10:43","modified_gmt":"2024-01-30T23:10:43","slug":"widespread-connections-among-neurons-help-brain-distinguish-smells","status":"publish","type":"disclosure","link":"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/widespread-connections-among-neurons-help-brain-distinguish-smells\/","title":{"rendered":"Weitreichende Verbindungen zwischen Neuronen helfen dem Gehirn, Ger\u00fcche zu unterscheiden"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>LA JOLLA \u2013 K\u00f6nnen Sie den Geruch einer Rose vom Duft einer Flieder unterscheiden? Wenn ja, dann haben Sie dem piriformen Kortex Ihres Gehirns zu danken. Im Vergleich zu vielen Teilen des Gehirns sieht der piriforme Kortex \u2013 der es Tieren und Menschen erm\u00f6glicht, Informationen \u00fcber Ger\u00fcche zu verarbeiten \u2013 aus wie ein unordentliches Durcheinander von Verbindungen zwischen Zellen, die Neuronen genannt werden. Nun haben Forscher des Salk Institute aufgezeigt, wie die Zuf\u00e4lligkeit des piriformen Kortex tats\u00e4chlich entscheidend daf\u00fcr ist, wie das Gehirn zwischen \u00e4hnlichen Ger\u00fcchen unterscheidet.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18969\"  class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-18969 size-pr-300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/PR-Stevens-JCN-odor-767-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Staining one section of the brain, as shown, reveals layers of the piriform cortex\u2014in green, brownish-red, and white\u2014and other cells of the brain in blue. \" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/PR-Stevens-JCN-odor-767-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/PR-Stevens-JCN-odor-767-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/PR-Stevens-JCN-odor-767.jpg 767w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/PR-Stevens-JCN-odor-767-147x147.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/PR-Stevens-JCN-odor-767-458x459.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/PR-Stevens-JCN-odor-767-585x586.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/PR-Stevens-JCN-odor-767-553x554.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/PR-Stevens-JCN-odor-767-750x751.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Das Anf\u00e4rben eines Hirnbereichs, wie gezeigt, enth\u00fcllt Schichten des Piriformcortex \u2013 in Gr\u00fcn, Braunrot und Wei\u00df \u2013 sowie andere Gehirnzellen in Blau. <\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/PR-Stevens-JCN-odor-767.jpg\">Klicken Sie hier<\/a> f\u00fcr ein hochaufl\u00f6sendes Bild.<\/p>\n<p>Kredit: Salk Institut<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cDas Standardparadigma ist, dass Informationen im Gehirn durch die aktiven Zellen kodiert werden, aber das ist f\u00fcr das Geruchssystem nicht der Fall\u201d, sagt\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/scientist\/charles-f-stevens\/\">Charles Stevens<\/a>, Distinguished Professor Emeritus im Molekularbiologischen Labor des Salk Institute und Co-Autor der neuen Arbeit. \u201cIm olfaktorischen System stellt sich heraus, dass es nicht darum geht, welche Zellen aktiv sind, sondern wie <em>viele<\/em> Zellen aktiv sind und wie aktiv sie sind.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Neben einem besseren Verst\u00e4ndnis, wie Ger\u00fcche verarbeitet werden, zeigt die neue Forschung, die in der <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/cne.24492\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Vergleichende Neurologie<\/em><\/a> am 17. Juli 2018, k\u00f6nnte auch zu tieferen Einblicken f\u00fchren, wie einige Teile des Gehirns Informationen organisieren.<\/p>\n<p>Wenn Geruchsstoffmolek\u00fcle \u2013 die Signatur jedes Geruchs \u2013 an die Rezeptoren in der Nase eines Menschen binden, wird das Signal an den Riechkolben und von dort an den Piriformkortex weitergeleitet. In anderen sensorischen Systemen \u2013 wie dem visuellen System \u2013 beh\u00e4lt die Information auf ihrem Weg durch das Gehirn eine strenge Ordnung. Bestimmte Teile des Auges leiten beispielsweise immer Informationen an spezifische Teile des visuellen Kortex weiter. Forscher wissen jedoch seit langem, dass diese Ordnung im Piriformkortex fehlt.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWir konnten in keiner Spezies eine Ordnung in den Verbindungen des piriformen Kortex erkennen\u201d, sagt Koautor Shyam Srinivasan, wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind der University of California San Diego. \u201cJeder Geruch aktiviert etwa 10 Prozent der Neuronen, die \u00fcber den gesamten piriformen Kortex verstreut zu sein scheinen.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Um die Details der Geruchsinformationenkodierung im piriformen Kortex \u2013 und ob seine Verbindungen wirklich zuf\u00e4llig sind \u2013 zu ermitteln, analysierten Stevens und Srinivasan die piriformen Kortizes von neun M\u00e4usen mithilfe verschiedener F\u00e4rbe- und Mikroskopietechniken, mit denen sie verschiedene Zelltypen in der Gehirnregion visualisieren konnten. Ihr erstes Ziel: die Anzahl und Dichte der Zellen im piriformen Kortex zu quantifizieren.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18971\"  class=\"wp-caption alignleft\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"305\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-18971 size-col-md-5\" src=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens-458x305.jpg\" alt=\"Charles F. Stevens and Shyam Srinivasan\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens-458x305.jpg 458w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens-147x98.jpg 147w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens-585x390.jpg 585w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens-553x369.jpg 553w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens-750x500.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens-767x511.jpg 767w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens-945x630.jpg 945w, https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens.jpg 1500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-caption-text\">Von links: Charles F. Stevens und Shyam Srinivasan<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/07\/Shyam-Srinivasan-and-Charles-F.-Stevens.jpg\">Klicken Sie hier<\/a> f\u00fcr ein hochaufl\u00f6sendes Bild.<\/p>\n<p>Kredit: Salk Institut<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cDas war wirklich wie eine Erhebung\u201d, erkl\u00e4rt Srinivasan. \u201cWir haben die Zellen in verschiedenen repr\u00e4sentativen Bereichen gez\u00e4hlt und sie \u00fcber die gesamte Region gemittelt.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Sie kamen zu dem Schluss, dass der piriforme Kortex der Maus etwa eine halbe Million Neuronen enth\u00e4lt, die sich zu gleichen Teilen auf den gr\u00f6\u00dferen, weniger dichten posterioren piriformen und den kleineren, dichteren anterioren piriformen Kortex verteilen.<\/p>\n<p>Anhand dieser ersten Informationen \u00fcber die Dichte und die Anzahl der Neuronen sowie des Wissens aus fr\u00fcheren Studien \u00fcber die Anzahl der Neuronen im Riechkolben und dar\u00fcber, wie viele neuronale Verbindungen - oder Synapsen - den Riechkolben mit dem piriformen Kortex verbinden, konnte das Forscherpaar eine \u00fcberraschende Erkenntnis gewinnen: Jedes Neuron im Riechkolben ist mit fast jedem einzelnen Neuron im piriformen Kortex verbunden.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cJede Zelle im Pyriform erh\u00e4lt Informationen von praktisch jedem Geruchsrezeptor, der existiert\u201d, sagt Stevens. \u201cEs gibt nicht ein einziges Neuron f\u00fcr den Duft von Kaffee, sondern eine ganze Reihe von Neuronen f\u00fcr Kaffee, die \u00fcberall verstreut sind.\u2018 Anstatt dass ein einzelner Rezeptor einen Geruch erkennt und eine Gruppe von verr\u00e4terischen Neuronen aktiviert, erkl\u00e4rt er, hat jeder Geruch einen Fingerabdruck, der mehr auf der St\u00e4rke der Verbindungen basiert \u2013 w\u00e4hrend der Geruch von Kaffee fast dieselben Neuronen im Pyriform-Kortex aktivieren kann wie der Geruch von Schokolade, aktivieren sie jedes Neuron in unterschiedlichem Ma\u00dfe.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cEin Vorteil dieses Systems ist, dass es sehr komplexe Informationen kodieren kann\u201d, sagt Srinivasan. \u201cEs macht es auch sehr robust gegen\u00fcber Rauschen.\u201d Wenn ein Neuron ein \u201crauschendes\u201d Signal sendet \u2013 st\u00e4rkere oder schw\u00e4chere Aktivierung als es sollte \u2013, wird das Rauschen von den vielen anderen Neuronen, die gleichzeitig genauere Signale senden, ausgel\u00f6scht.<\/p>\n<p>Die Forscher m\u00f6chten die Arbeit an anderen Tieren wiederholen, um Unterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten zu erkennen. Sie sind auch daran interessiert, andere Hirnareale zu untersuchen, bei denen lange Zeit angenommen wurde, dass sie von scheinbar zuf\u00e4lligen Verbindungen dominiert werden, um zu sehen, ob sie auf die gleiche Weise organisiert sind.<\/p>\n<p>Stevens und Srinivasan, die ebenfalls eine Arbeit ver\u00f6ffentlichten in der <em>Journal of Neuroscience<\/em> am 13. Juli zur Nutzung des olfaktorischen Lernkreislaufs von Fruchtfliegen zur Verbesserung des aktuellen Bestands an Deep-Learning-Algorithmen finanziert, wurden vom Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind der UC San Diego und der National Science Foundation gef\u00f6rdert.<\/p>","protected":false},"featured_media":18969,"template":"","faculty":[67],"disease-research":[124],"class_list":["post-18965","disclosure","type-disclosure","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","faculty-charles-f-stevens","disease-research-neuroscience-and-neurological-disorders"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Widespread connections among neurons help the brain distinguish smells - Salk Institute for Biological Studies<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.salk.edu\/de\/news-release\/widespread-connections-among-neurons-help-brain-distinguish-smells\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Widespread connections among neurons help the brain distinguish smells - Salk Institute for Biological Studies\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"LA JOLLA\u2014Can you tell the smell of a rose from the scent of a lilac? 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